Scribd
Upload
24 views35 pages

lec 01 - ADC

The document provides an overview of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), explaining their function in converting analog signals to digital form for processing and storage. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of digital signals, the ADC conversion process, including sampling, quantization, and encoding, as well as the importance of accuracy and potential errors like aliasing. Additionally, it highlights the widespread applications of ADCs in various fields, particularly in the transmission of voice and video data.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Nour aldin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views35 pages

lec 01 - ADC

The document provides an overview of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), explaining their function in converting analog signals to digital form for processing and storage. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of digital signals, the ADC conversion process, including sampling, quantization, and encoding, as well as the importance of accuracy and potential errors like aliasing. Additionally, it highlights the widespread applications of ADCs in various fields, particularly in the transmission of voice and video data.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Nour aldin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 35

Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Lecture 1
Analog to Digital Converter

Dr. Ahmed Said Eltrass

Electrical Engineering Department


Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

Email: ahmed4@vt.edu
Office hours: Wednesday 12:00 p.m. to 01:30 p.m.
4th floor, Electrical Engineering Building
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
Type of signals
• Analog signals x(t)
– Value varies continuously over a
continuous range
- Examples of analog data
t
Video, Audio

• Quantized signals
x(t)
– Value limited to a finite set
– Examples of digital data
Text: printed English language (26
letters, 10 numbers, space, and t
punctuation)

• Binary/Digital signals x(t) 1 1 1


– Has at most 2 values (on and off)
– Used to represent bit values 0 T 0 0 0
– Computers can only perform t
processing on digitized signals
Analog versus digital
• Digital signals can be regenerated using repeaters
– Cleaned up to prevent the accumulation of noise and
distortion
– Allows signal to be transmitted over greater distances

• What happens to analog signals over distances even if they


are amplified? Can you reconstruct the original signal
Advantages of Digital Signals
• Digital circuits have only two states so:

– Changes in value have little effect on digital signals

– Noise and other forms of interference have little effect on


digital signals

– Little chance of error because voltage in a digital circuit


must be in one state or the other

– Information storage is easy

– Operation can be readily programmed

– Can fabricate more digital circuitry onto integrated circuits


Disadvantages of Digital Signals

• The ONE major disadvantage is that the real-world is


analog in nature

• When dealing with analog inputs and outputs you will


always have to:
1) convert analog to digital (ADC)

2) process the digital data

3) convert the digital data back to analog output (DAC)


Example
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts
a signal from analog (continuous) to digital
(discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts
a signal from analog (continuous) to digital
(discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling
Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
• An electronic integrated circuit which converts
a signal from analog (continuous) to digital
(discrete) form
• Provides a link between the analog world of
transducers and the digital world of signal
processing and data handling
ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process
1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding
Analog-to-Digital Converter

Quantizing
and
Encoding
Sampling and
Hold
t
Input: Analog Signal t
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals


at uniform time intervals Continuous Signal
– Ideally twice as fast as
what we are sampling

• Digital system works with


discrete states
– Taking samples from each t
location

• Reflects sampled and


hold signal
– Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals


at uniform time intervals
– Ideally twice as fast as
what we are sampling

• Digital system works with


discrete states
– Taking samples from each t
location

• Reflects sampled and


hold signal
– Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals


at uniform time intervals
– Ideally twice as fast as
what we are sampling

• Digital system works with


discrete states
– Taking a sample from each t
location

• Reflects sampled and


hold signal
– Digital approximation
ADC Process
Sampling & Hold

• Measuring analog signals


at uniform time intervals
– Ideally twice as fast as
what we are sampling

• Digital system works with


discrete states
– Taking samples from each t
location

• Reflects sampled and


hold signal
– Digital approximation
ADC Process
Quantizing Encoding
• Separating the input signal • Assigning a unique
into a discrete states with K digital code to each
increments
state for input into the
• K=2N
microprocessor
– N is the number of bits of the
ADC
• Analog quantization size
– Q=(Vmax-Vmin)/2N
– Q is the Resolution
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog


signal
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog


11
signal
• Apply 2 bit coding 10

01

00
K=22 00
01
10
11
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog


signal
• Apply 3 bit coding

K=23 000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
ADC Process
Quantization & Coding

• Use original analog


signal
• Apply 3 bit coding
• Better representation of
input information with
additional bits K=23 000 K=16 0000 K=…
001 .
010 .
011 .
100 1111
101
110
111
ADC Process-Accuracy
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

t t
Sampling Rate, Ts Resolution, Q
• Based on number of steps • Improves accuracy in
required in the conversion measuring amplitude of
process analog signal
• Increases the maximum • Limited by the signal-to-
frequency that can be noise ratio (~6dB)
measured
ADC Process-Accuracy
The accuracy of an ADC can be improved by increasing:

t t
Sampling Rate, Ts Resolution (bit depth), Q
• Based on number of steps • Improves accuracy in
required in the conversion measuring amplitude of
process analog signal
• Increases the maximum
frequency that can be
measured
ADC-Error Possibilities
• Aliasing (sampling)
– Occurs when the input signal is changing much faster
than the sample rate
– Should follow the Nyquist Rule when sampling
• Answers question of what sample rate is required
• Use a sampling frequency at least twice as high as the
maximum frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing
fsample>2fsignal

Where fsignal is the BW of analog signal


• Quantization Error (resolution)
ADC Applications
• ADC are used virtually everywhere where an analog
signal has to be processed, stored, or transported in
digital form

• Analog data such as voice and video are converted


to digital data for transmission over a digital link.
• We can transmit digital data
– Faster
– Cheaper
– With fewer errors

You might also like