1. What role does Dalvik play in Android development?

Dalvik plays a crucial role in Android development as the original process virtual machine (VM) used by
Android to run applications.

Here's a breakdown of its role:

1.​ Running Apps:​

Dalvik executes Android applications that are written in Java. The Java code is first compiled into
bytecode (.class files), which are then converted into Dalvik Executable files (.dex format) optimized
for minimal memory usage.​

2.​ Optimized for Mobile:​

Dalvik is designed to be efficient on devices with limited memory and CPU, which makes it suitable for
mobile environments.​

3.​ Register-based VM:​

Unlike the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is stack-based, Dalvik is a register-based VM. This
allows for more efficient execution on embedded systems.​

4.​ Multiple VM Instances:​

Each Android app runs in its own Dalvik VM instance, providing process isolation and better app
stability and security.​

2. What is the importance of settings permissions in app development?

Setting permissions in app development is crucial for several reasons:

1.​ Security: Permissions protect user data and device features from unauthorized access. For example,
only apps with the camera permission can access the device camera.​

2.​ User Privacy: Permissions give users control over what data and features an app can access,
ensuring their privacy is respected.​

3.​ App Functionality: Proper permissions allow an app to function as intended. Without necessary
permissions (like accessing storage or internet), certain features may break.​

4.​ Compliance: Many regulations (like GDPR or CCPA) require apps to request explicit user consent
before accessing sensitive data.​

5.​ Trust and Transparency: Clearly requesting permissions helps build trust with users. If users
understand why permissions are needed, they're more likely to grant them.​

6.​ Platform Guidelines: App stores (like Google Play and Apple App Store) have strict policies around
permissions. Violating them can lead to app rejection or removal.​

3. What is the function of an intent filter?

An intent filter in Android development is used to declare the capabilities of a component (like an activity,
service, or broadcast receiver). It tells the system what types of intents a component can handle.

Function of an Intent Filter:

 1.​ Receive Intents: It allows your app’s component to receive intents from other apps or the system. For
example, an activity with an intent filter for the "VIEW" action and "http" data type can open web URLs.​

2.​ Enable App Linking: Intent filters let your app respond to specific URLs, file types, or custom actions,
enabling features like deep linking.​

3.​ Implicit Intents: When an app sends an implicit intent (without specifying a component), Android uses
intent filters to find suitable apps/components to handle the request.​

4.​ Control App Behavior: It helps define how and when different parts of your app should be started
based on user actions or system events (like boot completion, network changes, etc.).​

4. What is the AndroidManifest.xml?

The AndroidManifest.xml file is a critical configuration file in every Android app. It provides essential
information about your app to the Android operating system.

Key Functions of AndroidManifest.xml:

Declare App Components: It lists all components like activities, services, broadcast receivers, and content
providers used in the app.​
​
<activity android:name=".MainActivity" />

1.​

Permissions: It declares what permissions the app needs (like internet access, camera, storage, etc.).​
​
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />

2.​
3.​ App Metadata: It defines app-level details like:​

○​ App name​

○​ Icon​

○​ Theme​

○​ Minimum and target SDK versions​

○​ App version​

<application

android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"

android:label="@string/app_name"

android:theme="@style/AppTheme">

4.​
 5.​ Intent Filters: It declares how your app responds to system or user actions (like opening a link,
receiving a broadcast, etc.).​

App Entry Point: It defines the main activity (the launcher screen) with an intent filter:​
​
<intent-filter>

<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>

6.​
7.​ Hardware and Software Features: It declares what features the app requires, like GPS, Bluetooth, or
camera.​

In short:

AndroidManifest.xml is the blueprint of an Android app. Without it, the app won’t run or be recognized
correctly by the Android system.

5. What is the proper way of setting up an Android-powered device for app development?

Setting up an Android-powered device for app development involves a few important steps to ensure the
device can communicate with your development environment (usually Android Studio). Here's the proper way
to set it up:

1. Enable Developer Options:

●​ Open your device Settings.​

●​ Go to About phone.​

●​ Tap Build number 7 times until you see a message like “You are now a developer!”.​

2. Enable USB Debugging:

●​ Go to Settings > System > Developer options (or just Developer Options).​

●​ Scroll down and enable USB debugging.​

3. Connect Your Device to PC:

 ●​ Use a USB cable to connect the Android device to your computer.​

●​ On the device, you might see a prompt asking to allow USB debugging. Tap Allow.​

4. Install Device Drivers (Windows only):

●​ If you're on Windows, you may need to install the OEM USB drivers for your device (downloadable
from the manufacturer’s website).​

●​ On macOS and Linux, no additional drivers are usually needed.​

5. Verify Connection with ADB:

●​ Open a terminal or command prompt.​

Type:​
​
adb devices

●​
●​ You should see your device listed. If it says unauthorized, check your device for a prompt and accept
it.​

6. Run and Deploy from Android Studio:

●​ Open your project in Android Studio.​

●​ Click Run (Play icon) and select your connected device from the list.​

●​ Your app will install and run on the real device.​

6. Is it possible to use or add a fragment without using a user interface?

Yes, it is possible to use or add a fragment without a user interface in Android.

These are called "headless fragments" or "UI-less fragments".

When and Why to Use Them:

●​ To retain background tasks or data during configuration changes (like screen rotations).​
 ●​ To manage lifecycle-aware background work.​

●​ As a lifecycle-aware controller without needing a visible UI.​

How to Implement a UI-less Fragment:

Create a Fragment without a layout:​

​
public class HeadlessFragment extends Fragment {

@Override

public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,

Bundle savedInstanceState) {

return null; // No UI

1.​

Add it programmatically in an Activity:​

​
HeadlessFragment fragment = new HeadlessFragment();

getSupportFragmentManager()

.beginTransaction()

.add(fragment, "headless")

.commit();

2.​

Note: Since there's no UI, you add it using a tag, not a layout container ID.

3.​ Use it for background tasks or data retention:​

○​ Override onCreate() and call setRetainInstance(true) if needed (in older APIs).​

○​ Or use a ViewModel if you're following modern Android architecture.​

7. Write the core components under the Android application architecture?

The core components of Android application architecture are:

1. Activities
 ●​ Represent a single screen with a user interface.​

●​ Example: A login screen or home screen.​

2. Services

●​ Run background operations without a user interface.​

●​ Example: Playing music in the background, syncing data.​

3. Broadcast Receivers

●​ Respond to system-wide broadcast messages or app-specific events.​

●​ Example: Battery low alert, Wi-Fi connected.​

4. Content Providers

●​ Manage and share data between applications.​

●​ Example: Contacts, Calendar, Media files.​

5. Fragments (Supportive Component)

●​ Modular sections of an activity that have their own UI and lifecycle.​

●​ Useful for building flexible and reusable UIs.​

6. ViewModel (Modern Architecture)

●​ Stores and manages UI-related data in a lifecycle-conscious way.​

●​ Survives configuration changes like screen rotations.​

7. LiveData (Modern Architecture)

 ●​ A lifecycle-aware observable data holder.​

●​ Automatically updates the UI when data changes.​

8. Room Database (Persistence Layer)

●​ A part of Jetpack architecture components used for local database access.​

9. Repository (Best Practice Layer)

●​ Acts as a mediator between ViewModel and data sources (like Room or network).​

These components work together in the Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) or Model-View-Presenter (MVP)

architecture to create robust, maintainable, and testable Android applications.

8. Which language is supported by Android for application development?

Android supports several programming languages for application development. The main ones are:

1. Kotlin (Recommended)

●​ Official language for Android development (since 2017).​

●​ Modern, concise, and fully supported by Google.​

●​ Great for writing clean and safe code.​

2. Java

●​ The original language used for Android development.​

●​ Still widely supported and used in many existing apps.​

3. C++

●​ Used via the Android NDK (Native Development Kit).​

 ●​ Good for performance-critical parts of apps like games or media processing.​

4. Dart (with Flutter)

●​ Used for building cross-platform apps using the Flutter framework.​

●​ Not native to Android SDK, but very popular for multiplatform apps.​

5. Other Supported Languages (with tools/frameworks):

●​ Python (using Kivy, BeeWare – not officially supported by Google).​

●​ JavaScript/TypeScript (with frameworks like React Native or NativeScript).​

●​ C# (using Xamarin).​

9. Discuss Control Properties in Layout Files. Compare Views and View groups in Layout Files?

Control Properties in Layout Files (XML)

In Android, layout files are written in XML and define the UI structure. Each UI element (like a Button or
TextView) is called a View. These views have properties/attributes that control their behavior and
appearance.

Common Control Properties:

Property Description

android:id Unique identifier for the view.

android:layout_width Width of the view (match_parent, wrap_content,

or specific dp).

android:layout_height Height of the view.

android:text Text displayed in text-based controls like Button or

TextView.
android:padding, Inner and outer spacing.
android:margin

android:gravity, Controls alignment of content inside the view or the

android:layout_gravity view itself in the parent.

android:background Sets background color or drawable.

android:onClick Binds a method in the activity to handle click events.

android:visibility Controls visibility: visible, invisible, or gone.

Views vs ViewGroups in Layout Files

Feature View ViewGroup

Definition Basic UI building block (e.g., Container that holds other Views or
TextView, Button). ViewGroups.

Purpose Displays data or receives Organizes and arranges child

user input. Views/Groups.

Examples TextView, Button, LinearLayout, RelativeLayout,

ImageView, EditText ConstraintLayout, FrameLayout

Can contain No Yes

other views?

Focus Single UI element. Layout and grouping of elements.

Used for Displaying text, images, or Structuring the UI by nesting and

accepting input. aligning views.
10. Discuss about the Structure of an Android Application? Examine the Application Life Cycle?

Structure of an Android Application

An Android application is made up of several components and files that define its functionality and UI. Here's a
breakdown:

1. Core Components:

●​ Activities: UI screens where user interaction happens.​

●​ Services: Perform background operations.​

●​ Broadcast Receivers: Respond to system-wide broadcast announcements.​

●​ Content Providers: Manage and share data between applications.​

2. Key Files and Folders:

File/Folder Description

AndroidManifest Declares components, permissions, app metadata.

.xml

java/ Contains all Java/Kotlin source code (Activities, Services, etc.).

res/ Stores app resources like layouts, images, and strings.

res/layout/ XML UI layout files.

res/drawable/ Image and shape files.

res/values/ XML files for strings, colors, dimensions, etc.

assets/ Raw files like text or fonts bundled with the app.
 build.gradle Build configuration scripts.

Android Application Life Cycle

Android manages the lifecycle of an application to optimize performance and memory. Here’s how it works,
particularly for Activities:

1. Activity Life Cycle:

Method Description

onCreate( Called when the activity is first created. Initialize UI and data here.
)

onStart() Activity is becoming visible to the user.

onResume( Activity is now in the foreground and interactive.

)

onPause() Another activity is coming to the foreground. Pause ongoing

actions.

onStop() Activity is no longer visible.

onRestart Called after the activity is stopped and before it starts again.
()

onDestroy Final call before the activity is destroyed. Clean up resources.

()

2. Service Life Cycle:

 ●​ Started Service: Starts with startService() → onStartCommand() →
stopSelf()/stopService().​

●​ Bound Service: Binds with bindService() → onBind() → runs as long as it’s bound.​

3. Application Life Cycle:

●​ Handled by the Application class.​

●​ Methods like onCreate() and onTerminate() can be overridden to manage global state or
resources.​

11. Discuss about building a UI in XML with Code. Examine Text Control and Button Control in Android.
Discuss about Date and Time Controls in Android.

1. Building a UI in XML with Code

Android UIs are often built using XML layout files, which define the structure and appearance of your app's
interface. You can also interact with these UI elements in Java/Kotlin code.

Example XML Layout (res/layout/activity_main.xml):

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent"

android:orientation="vertical"

android:padding="16dp">

<TextView

android:id="@+id/textView"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Welcome!"

android:textSize="18sp" />

<Button

android:id="@+id/button"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Click Me" />

</LinearLayout>

Accessing UI in Java Code (MainActivity.java):

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

TextView textView;

Button button;

@Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); // Linking XML

textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);

button = findViewById(R.id.button);

button.setOnClickListener(v -> textView.setText("Button Clicked!"));

2. Text Control (TextView)

●​ Used to display static or dynamic text.​

●​ Can be customized for size, color, style, etc.​

Example:
<TextView

android:id="@+id/myText"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Hello, Android!"

android:textSize="16sp"

android:textColor="#000000" />

3. Button Control
●​ Used for user interaction (tapping, submitting forms, etc.).​

●​ Triggers an action when clicked.​

Example:

<Button

android:id="@+id/myButton"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Submit" />

4. Date and Time Controls in Android

DatePicker

●​ Allows users to select a date (day, month, year).​

●​ Can be used as a widget or in a dialog.​

XML Widget Example:

<DatePicker

android:id="@+id/datePicker"
 android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

Java Code (Dialog Example):

DatePickerDialog datePickerDialog = new DatePickerDialog(this,

(view, year, month, dayOfMonth) -> {

String date = dayOfMonth + "/" + (month + 1) + "/" + year;

textView.setText(date);

}, 2024, 3, 11); // year, month (0-indexed), day

datePickerDialog.show();

TimePicker

●​ Lets users select a time (hour and minute).​

XML Widget Example:

<TimePicker

android:id="@+id/timePicker"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:timePickerMode="spinner" />

Java Code (Dialog Example):

TimePickerDialog timePickerDialog = new TimePickerDialog(this,

(view, hourOfDay, minute) -> {

String time = hourOfDay + ":" + minute;

textView.setText(time);

}, 14, 30, true); // 24-hour format

timePickerDialog.show();

12. Write notes on ArrayAdapter. Discuss about Styles and Themes?

1. ArrayAdapter in Android
What is ArrayAdapter?

●​ An ArrayAdapter is a bridge between a data source (like an array or list) and a UI component
such as a ListView or Spinner.​

●​ It converts data items into View items that can be displayed in the UI.​

Common Usage:

●​ Used to display simple lists (like strings, numbers, objects) in widgets.​

Basic Example (Java):

ListView listView = findViewById(R.id.listView);

String[] items = {"Apple", "Banana", "Cherry"};

ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<>(

this,

android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1,

items

);

listView.setAdapter(adapter);

Parameters:

1.​ Context: The current activity or fragment.​

2.​ Layout: Built-in or custom layout for list items.​

3.​ Data source: An array or list.​

Custom Adapter Example:

To customize list item appearance, you can create a custom layout and pass it to ArrayAdapter.

2. Styles in Android
What is a Style?

●​ A style is a collection of attributes that specify the look of a View (e.g., text size, color, padding).​

●​ Reusable across multiple UI components to maintain consistency.​

Defining a Style (res/values/styles.xml):

<style name="CustomTextStyle">

<item name="android:textColor">#FF0000</item>

<item name="android:textSize">18sp</item>

</style>

Using a Style in XML:

<TextView

style="@style/CustomTextStyle"

android:text="Styled Text"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

3. Themes in Android
What is a Theme?

●​ A theme is like a global style applied to an entire app or activity.​

●​ It controls UI appearance globally (e.g., default text color, background, button styles, etc.).​
Applying a Theme (AndroidManifest.xml):

<application

android:theme="@style/Theme.MyCustomTheme">

Example Theme (styles.xml):

<style name="Theme.MyCustomTheme" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.DayNight.DarkActionBar">

<item name="colorPrimary">#6200EE</item>

<item name="colorPrimaryVariant">#3700B3</item>

<item name="colorOnPrimary">#FFFFFF</item>

</style>

13. List all the SQLite Packages and Classes. Discuss about creating an SQLite Database. Discuss about
Content Providers in Android.

1. SQLite Packages and Classes in Android

Android provides built-in support for SQLite through the following packages and classes:

Main Package:

android.database.sqlite

Important Classes:

Class Description

SQLiteOpenHelp Helps manage database creation and versioning.

er

SQLiteDatabase Provides methods to perform CRUD operations (insert, update,

delete, query).

SQLiteCursor Handles the result set returned by database queries.

SQLiteQueryBui Helps build SQL queries programmatically.

lder
2. Creating an SQLite Database in Android
To create and manage an SQLite database, use SQLiteOpenHelper.

Steps:

Step 1: Create a Helper Class

public class MyDatabaseHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {

private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "MyDatabase.db";

private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;

public MyDatabaseHelper(Context context) {

super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);

@Override

public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {

String query = "CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, email TEXT)";

db.execSQL(query); // Create table

@Override

public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {

db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users");

onCreate(db);

Step 2: Use the Database

MyDatabaseHelper dbHelper = new MyDatabaseHelper(context);

SQLiteDatabase db = dbHelper.getWritableDatabase();

// Insert data

ContentValues values = new ContentValues();

values.put("name", "John");

values.put("email", "john@example.com");

db.insert("users", null, values);

3. Content Providers in Android

What is a Content Provider?

A Content Provider allows data sharing between different apps in a secure and controlled way. It abstracts
the underlying data source (SQLite, files, etc.) and exposes it through a URI.

Key Components:

Component Purpose

ContentProvi Abstract class that handles CRUD methods (insert, query, update,
der delete).

ContentResol Used by other components or apps to access the provider.

ver

Uri Uniform Resource Identifier to identify the data.

Typical Usage:

●​ Used to access contacts, media files, calendar events, etc.​

●​ Apps can also define custom content providers.​

Example Content Provider (Basic):

public class MyProvider extends ContentProvider {

@Override

public boolean onCreate() {

// Initialize database

return true;

@Override

public Cursor query(Uri uri, ...) {

// Return data based on URI

@Override

public Uri insert(Uri uri, ContentValues values) {

// Insert data

@Override

public int delete(Uri uri, ...) { /*...*/ }

@Override

public int update(Uri uri, ContentValues values, ...) { /*...*/ }

Declare in Manifest:

<provider
 android:name=".MyProvider"

android:authorities="com.example.myapp.provider"

android:exported="true" />

14. Discuss about the Android Security Model. How do you perform Runtime Security Checks in. Android?
Explain shared prefrences in Android?

1. Android Security Model

Overview:

The Android security model is designed to protect:

●​ User data​

●​ System resources​

●​ App integrity​

Each app runs in its own sandbox with a unique user ID (UID) assigned by the system. This isolation
prevents apps from accessing each other’s data unless explicitly permitted.

Key Components:

Feature Description

App Sandbox Each app runs in its own process with separate memory and file
storage.

Permissions Apps must request permissions to access sensitive resources

(camera, location, etc.).

Digital Signatures All apps must be signed. Used to verify the developer's identity.

Secure Android enforces HTTPS and SSL/TLS for secure data

Communication transmission.

User Control Users must approve dangerous permissions at runtime (Android

6.0+).
2. Performing Runtime Security Checks in Android
Why Runtime Checks?

Permissions like accessing camera, storage, or location are considered dangerous, and must be requested at
runtime.

Example: Requesting Camera Permission

Step 1: Declare in AndroidManifest.xml:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />

Step 2: Check and Request Permission in Code:

if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.CAMERA)

!= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {

ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this,

new String[]{Manifest.permission.CAMERA},

101); // Request code

} else {

// Permission already granted

openCamera();

Step 3: Handle the Result:

@Override

public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) {

if (requestCode == 101) {

if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {

openCamera();

} else {
 Toast.makeText(this, "Camera Permission Denied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

3. SharedPreferences in Android
What is SharedPreferences?

SharedPreferences is used to store small amounts of key-value data (like user settings or session info)
persistently.

How to Use SharedPreferences:

1. Save Data:

SharedPreferences sharedPref = getSharedPreferences("MyPrefs", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);

SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPref.edit();

editor.putString("username", "JohnDoe");

editor.putBoolean("isLoggedIn", true);

editor.apply(); // or commit()

2. Retrieve Data:

SharedPreferences sharedPref = getSharedPreferences("MyPrefs", Context.MODE_PRIVATE);

String username = sharedPref.getString("username", "defaultName");

boolean isLoggedIn = sharedPref.getBoolean("isLoggedIn", false);

3. Remove or Clear Data:

SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPref.edit();

editor.remove("username");
editor.clear(); // clears all

editor.apply();

Use Cases:

●​ Remember login status​

●​ Store user settings​

●​ Save app preferences like themes, font sizes, etc.

15. What is Gallery Control? Explain with an example program. Explain Menus and Action bars with example
program?

1. What is Gallery Control in Android?

Gallery (Deprecated)

The Gallery widget was used to display images in a horizontal scrolling list. However, it has been
deprecated since API 16. A better alternative today is RecyclerView or HorizontalScrollView with
ImageView.

Gallery Control Example (Deprecated)

activity_main.xml

<Gallery

android:id="@+id/gallery"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:spacing="10dp"

android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

MainActivity.java

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

Integer[] images = { R.drawable.pic1, R.drawable.pic2, R.drawable.pic3 };

 @Override

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

Gallery gallery = findViewById(R.id.gallery);

gallery.setAdapter(new ImageAdapter(this));

public class ImageAdapter extends BaseAdapter {

private Context context;

public ImageAdapter(Context c) { context = c; }

public int getCount() { return images.length; }

public Object getItem(int position) { return position; }

public long getItemId(int position) { return position; }

public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {

ImageView imageView = new ImageView(context);

imageView.setImageResource(images[position]);

imageView.setLayoutParams(new Gallery.LayoutParams(200, 200));

imageView.setScaleType(ImageView.ScaleType.CENTER_CROP);

return imageView;

Note: For new apps, use RecyclerView instead of Gallery.

2. Menus and Action Bars in Android
Menus allow the user to perform actions and navigate within your app. The Action Bar is the top bar that
typically contains the app icon, title, and menu options.

Types of Menus:

●​ Options Menu (in the Action Bar)​

●​ Context Menu (on long-press)​

●​ Popup Menu (dropdown-style menu)​

Creating a Menu in Android

Step 1: Create Menu Resource File

res/menu/menu_main.xml

<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">

<item android:id="@+id/action_settings"

android:title="Settings"

android:orderInCategory="100"

android:showAsAction="never" />

</menu>

Step 2: Inflate the Menu in Activity

MainActivity.java

@Override

public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {

getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.menu_main, menu);

return true;

@Override
public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {

int id = item.getItemId();

if (id == R.id.action_settings) {

Toast.makeText(this, "Settings clicked", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

return true;

return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);

16. Classify the different ways if designing the User Interface in Android. Explain about various. Layouts in
Android.

1. Ways to Design UI in Android

Android allows UI design in two primary ways:

a. XML Layout (Declarative)

●​ Most common method.​

●​ UI is designed using XML files in the res/layout folder.​

●​ Keeps design and logic separate (cleaner code).​

Example:

<Button

android:id="@+id/buttonClick"

android:layout_width="wrap_content"

android:layout_height="wrap_content"

android:text="Click Me"/>

b. Java/Kotlin Code (Programmatic)

●​ UI components are created and configured in code.​

●​ Useful for dynamic or custom views.​

Example (Java):

Button button = new Button(this);

button.setText("Click Me");

layout.addView(button);

2. Various Layouts in Android

Layouts are the foundation of UI design in Android. They determine how views (buttons, text, etc.) are
placed on the screen.

a. LinearLayout

●​ Arranges views vertically or horizontally in a single direction.​

●​ Use android:orientation="vertical" or "horizontal".​

Example:

<LinearLayout

android:orientation="vertical"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView android:text="Hello"/>

<Button android:text="Click Me"/>

</LinearLayout>

b. RelativeLayout (Deprecated, use ConstraintLayout)

●​ Places views relative to each other or to the parent.​

●​ Good for complex positioning.​

Example:

<RelativeLayout ...>
 <TextView android:id="@+id/tv1" android:text="Label" />

<EditText android:layout_below="@id/tv1" />

</RelativeLayout>

c. ConstraintLayout

●​ Modern and powerful layout for complex UIs.​

●​ Views are placed using constraints (like anchors).​

●​ Optimized for performance.​

Example:

<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout ...>

<Button

android:id="@+id/button"

android:text="Press"

app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"

app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent" />

</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>

d. FrameLayout

●​ Designed to hold one view (or stack multiple views on top of each other).​

●​ Used for fragments and simple layouts.​

Example:

<FrameLayout

android:id="@+id/frame_container"

android:layout_width="match_parent"

android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
e. TableLayout

●​ Organizes children into rows and columns.​

●​ Like an HTML table.​

Example:

<TableLayout>

<TableRow>

<TextView android:text="Name"/>

<EditText />

</TableRow>

</TableLayout>

f. GridLayout

●​ Divides layout into rows and columns like TableLayout but more flexible.​

●​ Supports rowSpan and columnSpan.​

g. ScrollView

●​ A special layout that adds scrolling capability.​

●​ Can contain only one child (usually a LinearLayout).​

Example:

<ScrollView>

<LinearLayout>

<!-- Multiple child views -->

</LinearLayout>

</ScrollView>