Beginner-Level Questions

1. What are Python's key features?

Easy to Learn and Use, Interpreted Language, Dynamically Typed, Platform

Independent (Cross-Platform), Extensive Libraries and Frameworks, Object-Oriented
and Procedural Support, Open-Source, High-Level Language, Extensibility and
Embeddability, Support for Garbage Collection, Rich Data Structures, Support for
Scripting, Large and Active Community.

2. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

Mutability: Lists are mutable, meaning their elements can be modified after creation,
while tuples are immutable, meaning their elements cannot be changed.
Syntax: Lists are defined using square brackets ([]), whereas tuples are defined using
parentheses (()).
Performance: Tuples are generally faster than lists due to their immutability.
Use Case: Lists are used when you need a collection of items that can change, while
tuples are preferred for fixed collections of items.
Methods: Lists have more built-in methods for manipulation (like append() and
remove()), while tuples have fewer methods.
Memory Usage: Tuples consume less memory compared to lists of the same size.

3. Explain Python's GIL (Global Interpreter Lock).

The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python is a mechanism that restricts the execution of
multiple threads in a single process to one thread at a time, even on multi-core systems. This
means that only one thread can execute Python bytecode at any given moment.

Key Points:

 Purpose: The GIL is designed to simplify memory management in CPython (the default
Python implementation) by ensuring thread safety when interacting with Python objects.

 Effect on Multithreading: While the GIL prevents data corruption in multi-threaded

applications, it also becomes a bottleneck for CPU-bound tasks because threads cannot fully
utilize multiple cores for parallel execution.

 Impact on I/O-Bound Tasks: The GIL is less of a concern for I/O-bound tasks (like file
operations or network requests) because threads can release the GIL while waiting for I/O
operations to complete.

 Workarounds: For CPU-bound tasks requiring parallelism, developers often use the
multiprocessing module instead of threading, as it creates separate processes, each with its
own Python interpreter and GIL. Alternatively, using Python implementations like Jython or
IronPython, which do not have a GIL, can help.

4. How is Python an interpreted language?

 Python is considered an interpreted language because its code is executed directly by an
interpreter without the need for prior compilation into machine code. Here's how Python's
interpretation works:

No Explicit Compilation: Python code (.py files) is not explicitly compiled into machine code
by the programmer. Instead, the Python interpreter handles this process internally.

Bytecode Generation: When you run a Python script, the interpreter first converts the
source code into an intermediate format called bytecode. This bytecode is a low-level,
platform-independent representation of the code.

Execution by Python Virtual Machine (PVM): The bytecode is then executed by the Python
Virtual Machine (PVM), which interprets and runs it line-by-line.

Dynamic Execution: Because of this interpretation process, Python can execute code
dynamically, which means you can write and test small pieces of code interactively.

Portability: The interpreted nature of Python makes it cross-platform, as the same Python
code can run on any operating system with the appropriate Python interpreter installed.

5. What are Python's built-in data types?

6. How do you define a function in Python?

7. What is the purpose of the self keyword in classes?

8. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy in Python?

9. Explain the use of Python's with statement.

10. What are Python's mutable and immutable data types?

Intermediate-Level Questions

1. What is the difference between is and ==?

2. How does Python handle memory management?

3. What is a Python decorator, and how do you use it?

4. Explain list comprehension with an example.

5. What is the difference between @staticmethod, @classmethod, and a regular method?

6. How can you implement multiple inheritance in Python?

7. Explain how Python's garbage collection works.

8. What are Python's generators, and how are they different from lists?

9. Explain how Python's *args and **kwargs work.

10. How would you handle exceptions in Python?

Advanced-Level Questions

1. What is metaprogramming in Python?

2. Explain Python's __init__, __str__, and __repr__ methods.

3. What are Python's descriptors, and how do they work?

4. How does Python implement multithreading?

5. What are the differences between deepcopy and copy modules?

6. Explain how Python's asyncio library works.

7. What is monkey patching in Python, and when would you use it?

8. How do you optimize Python code for better performance?

9. What is the difference between a process and a thread in Python?

10. Explain the concept of Python's context managers.

Data Structures and Algorithms Using Python

1. How do you implement a stack or queue in Python?

2. Write a Python function to find the nth Fibonacci number.

3. How would you reverse a linked list using Python?

4. How do you find duplicates in a list?

5. Write a Python program to check if a string is a palindrome.

6. How would you sort a dictionary by its values?

7. Write a Python program to find the largest element in a list.

8. How do you implement a binary search algorithm in Python?

9. Explain the difference between a list and a linked list in terms of implementation.

10. How would you merge two sorted lists in Python?

Database and File Handling

1. How do you connect Python to a database?

2. Explain how to read and write files in Python.

3. What is the difference between rb and r modes in file handling?

4. How can you handle large files in Python efficiently?

5. Explain the use of the pickle module.