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The document outlines important concepts and formulas for an Applied Mathematics Class 12, covering topics such as modulo arithmetic, alligation, boats and streams, numerical inequalities, matrices, determinants, differentiation, integration, probability, and financial mathematics. Key formulas and properties are provided for each topic, including methods for solving equations, calculating areas, and understanding distributions. Additionally, it discusses statistical concepts like hypothesis testing and time series analysis, along with financial calculations like perpetuity and sinking funds.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views12 pagesMaths formula
The document outlines important concepts and formulas for an Applied Mathematics Class 12, covering topics such as modulo arithmetic, alligation, boats and streams, numerical inequalities, matrices, determinants, differentiation, integration, probability, and financial mathematics. Key formulas and properties are provided for each topic, including methods for solving equations, calculating areas, and understanding distributions. Additionally, it discusses statistical concepts like hypothesis testing and time series analysis, along with financial calculations like perpetuity and sinking funds.
Uploaded by
ramankumar jhaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 12
APPLIED MATHEMATICS CLASS 12
IMPORTANT BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAS
NUMBERS QUANTIFICATION AND NUMERICAL APPLICATION
MODULO ARITHMETIC:
When we divide integer a by integer b (+ 0), we have a= bq +r, where q,r €1, 0S7 1
ALLIGATION OR MIXTURE
CP of cheaper (c}
Type ll (Repeatd Dilution). * After n number of repeated dilutions the quantity of pure liquid = x{ 3-2}
BOATS AND STREANS
Let speed of boat in still water be x km/h and speed of stream bey km/h, time taken by downstream be
tL and time taken upstream be t2 , downstream speed be wand upstream speed be v
Downstream speed (u) = (x+y) km/h, Upstream speed (v)= {x -y) km/h
z
Speed of the boat in still water x = and speed af the stream.
When the distance covered by the boat in downstream is sare as the distance covered by the boat
upstream, then, = =
Average speed downstream speed x upstream speed/ speed instill water =S*WE=H = £
If a boat takest hours to row to a certain place d km apart and returns back, then distance between two
tat yey
places (d) =
Ifa boat takes t hours more in going upstrearn than downstream for covering the same distanced then (22-¥*)
distance between two places {d) ==
NUMERICAL INEQUALITY
Relation between AM and GMM between two numbers a and b
ann 222 and GM= VB , AM-GM20 or AM 2 GM
Inequalities involving modulus are defined as: If is any positive real number and x € R, then
Px] <1 at be xetiettxe (4)
(i) xP Sl ifftsx Siie. iff x€ [4,1],
(iii) [vl oF iff either x torx >1i.e.iffx
{Wv) fel > liff either x<4orx2 Iie. iffx
MATRICES
Type of matrices
{i)Row Matrix (i) Column matrix (il) Null or zero matrix or void Matrix
{iv) Square Mai (¥) Diagonal matric (vi) Scalar matrix (vil) Identity matrix
. i
Ifthe) = x? -3x4 2 isa polynimial and Aisa square matrix then F(A) =A? - 38 + 211s 2 matrixpolynomial
Properties of transpose
(i) (WY =A (i) (EBY = 8° BY i) (ha’) = kay (iv) (AB = BA’ (v) (ABCY'= CBA’
Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices
(i) Symmetric matrix ; A square matrix Ais called symmetric matrix if A’ =A
(i) skew-symmetric matrices: A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix if A
(i) Every element in the principal diagonal of a skew symmetric matrix s always zero
(ii) WAis square matrix then A +A’ is symmetric and A- A’ is skew symmetric matrix
(ill) Every matrix a can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix
Le A= (AFA) +H (A-A)
DETERMINANTS To every square matrix A=[.@yj] of order n , iy €R, we can associate a unique real number caller
determinant of matrix Aand denoted by det A= |Al
Properties of determinants:
each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is zero, then the value af determinant is,
2. Ifeach elementon one side of the principal diagonal of a determinant iszero, then the value of the
determinants the product of the diagonal elements.
3. [Al=[a"]
4, Ifany two rows for columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then the value of the determinant
changes by minus sign only.
5. If each element of any (row or columns) of a determinant are identical or proportional, then the
value of the determinant is zero.
KAI nan=#° [AL
7. The sum of the products of elements of any row (or colurin} with the cofactors of the
correspanding elements of same otherrow for column) Is zero,
IFAand B are square matrices of the same order, then [AB| = [A118
Corottary:14"| = | Al"
Area of a triangle:
Fa
Area ofa triangle with vertices (x;,¥4 ) (2, ¥2) and (x3,yg)isgiven by=% fre ya {
3 yg 1
Area of triangle can't be negative.
I area of triangle is O then given points are collinear.
Properties of adjoint :
(i) adj(AB} = {adjB) (adja) (ii) Aj (AE
(iv) [Aga] = 1A["“, 1A] #0 (v) [Aaa
‘Singularmatri
then otherwise A Is said to be non singular matrixif [Al #0
dia
ial
5.1F A and Bare two invertible matrices of the same order, then ABs also invertible and
(aay =B-14
6.1F A isan invertible matrix, then A’ is also invertible and(4")—? = (A
LITA Isa non singular matrix, then At
7.1FA isan invertible matrix, then |A*
5
(if is non-singular .e.| Al 5 O, then given system has a unique solution given by
system is called consistent
A*B and (PITA is singularie. [A]=0, then we calculate (adj AJB.
case 1: IF [A|=Oand [adj AJB = 0, then the systernis consistent and has infinitely many solutions
Case 2: If |A]=0 and (adj A} B + 0, then the given system has no solution. If system of equations has no
solution then systerns called inconsistent.
cramer Rule
{1) 1fD #0, the system is consistent and independent, and has a unique solution given byx=Zandy q
{2} If =O andeither of Dy , By 1s narzero, then the system is Inconsistent and it has no solution,
(8) I= D1= Dz =0, then the system is consistent and dependent, and has infinitely many solutions.
DIFFERENTIATION
4 x")enx™ constant =
Sorc fee
alleen) = Ste) = x*loge+)
i cxénitiiion
1 Addition Rule: -Et( ls} + as) = 4s) + 8b)
2. Subtraction Rule (( 10x) - 86s) = F(x) -8't4)
3. Product Rule a Fle wlx)) = Foe) we) + lcd’)
“4, #2) _ let Als
4.quotient Rute (2 ) SBIR te
5.ChainRule = (r(t)) == ny
Logarithmic Differentiation
Logbt= x
Perimeter
amr
(sidey? 4xside
length x breadth 2 (length + breadth
(v3/4) x (side)? 3x side Ce eee base x height 2 (1b)
por) % h(sum of parallel sides) atbictd
Cee enn ce)
aa Volume CSA/LSA TSA
ar (3) 0Ph xrl ne(r+l)
(side)? 4 (side)? 6 (side?
Cuboid ixbxh 2h(1+b) 2 (lb +bh #hi)
eh anh nth + 2ne!
Ea RAE ane ane
aa Sis =
fangents and normal:
Slope of the tangent = dy/dx Slope of normal =~ dx/dy
If the tangent is parallel to x-axis, then dyfd = 0
If the tangent is parallel to y-axis, then dx/dy = 0
Equations of the tangent , y-yy = slope of tangent (3° )
Equation of the normal s (y- y; )= slope of normal (x- xy}.
Iftwo lines are parallel then m, =z
Itwo lines are perpendicular then m x 712 =
lim, = m, then two curves touch each other
lem x mz =-1 then two curves are orthogonal
Angleotintesectonot two cories tang = ict
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Fixd> 0 Strictly Increasing F(x) 20 Increasing
Fel 0 then it has point of local minima
IFP"(c} <0 then it has point of local maxima
If "(c) =O and f(x} + O then it has point of inflexion
Che) = FC-+ VC where FCis fixed cost and VC is variable cost
AC =C/x ROd=xp AR = R/x=px/x= p Pex) = Ro) —Chx)
at breakeven point R(x}-C(x}=0 ie. P(x}=0.
Marginal Cost (Mc!
jarginal Average Cost (M,
Marginal Revenue (MR):
fx dx +c
Setax=e%4c
‘Substitution Method
It f fx) de = F(x) + then J faxtb)
SU Cey” F(x) d= LED ac
22 ox = togltted| +
SEG ax= toi +
Integration By Partial Fraction
ee. Ce ncg b
Peat
Gae-H *
prtearéy
Geageayecg ar
wat ra eae
peteorty oy Ay
Te-aytee-B} * a
mA a beac cant A, oxic
TEESE 1 Tebxiccantbe factorised Ao
‘Some Special integrals
fi tosfSp+ cc
ha
pide =7, logit €
Se dx=log)x+ Ve bat [40
iw dv=log/xt+Ve—@ [40
+S NR OF deat VE FOF + eat logix FE Ea HC
2 - a2 ogi +Va=— at (tC
+ Vara ae = Ee?
Inteeration by Parts
+f FRdg@dax = fof eda f Ff seddxtax +c, where ffx} is first and glx) is second function
+ SUH tee* dx= fd oF +c
Properties of Definite integrals
1 Ppear= Pre@ae
2 Ef @dde=- ff fede
3 LFGddr= Epodde+ fP peda
4a 2 fades ofa tb—x)dx
5. fo fldar= fi fla—xjax 6. Fede = [Ff adde + fo fa —xpdx
Te fe Fax = 2ff Fe) it fra) = Hx)
8. "Fodder £0 i faxd= 10)
8 [, Fddx =2 0 f(x)dx if lad = fx) oF fbb is even
10. (5, f(a)dx = if Mod = Ix) or thx) is odd
: :
+ Chd=fMCdxr +e pace
+ Rixd= [MR dx +e + RO) = pee
fonsumer Surplus 8 Producer Surplus
+ €5= f° D(x)dx — Xo.Po 1 PS=X0.Po — fo°S(xjde
+ At Equilibrium Dlx) = (x)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Equation of line: Ax+ By +C=0 ory=mx+e
Equation of Parabola: y"=ax, if axis lie along x axis,
x? = day, if axis lie along y axis
Equation of Ellipse :
PROBABILITY
“ ‘ables
P(x =xi) pL p2 se pn
where P(X = xi) Le. pilies between 0 and 1, and Epi, =2.
Mean, variance and standard devietion of a random variable. = voarlance
E(Xb=Zpixi Variance = E(X?)— (E(x)? Standard deviation =
itis represented by (q+p)" or B{n,p) and PC
me, g? wherer=0,1,2, uf
‘Mesn, variance and standard deviation of
mean=y=np , variance =?
, standard deviation o=/ripq
POISSON DISTRIBUTION:
‘The poisson distribution is the limiting form of Binomial distribution when no. of trialsis very largeP(F}
Mean and Variance of Poisson Distribution
Mean=2 , Variance= 1 _, standard deviation o =Yvar
‘Normal Distribution
Itis used for Cor
Jous random variable. Its also called Gaussian distribution. Itis a bell shaped curve
symmetric about a vertical line through the mean. For Normal distribution curve Mean = median = mode
normal density function f(x) =
‘Standard Normal Distribution
IF 0, «= 1 sat have standard normal probability dstuton. The random varibl nceseof standard
arma dstrbutionis represented by2
1 x—p
O-eF , -wcrcm 1=it
JO" Fe @
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
sample mean x = . point estimate of population standard deviation (s)
Margin of error = Zap.
‘The interval estimation of population mean is given by i=x: margin of ervor
‘Mean of random sample drawn from any distribution with mean and variance o? will have an approximate
rormaldstribation with a3 = yond s*=, 50 Standard error of mean =
Hypothesis Testing
‘Type 1 error : HO Reject Type 2 Error : HO-Accept
1. Existence of a difference between a
parameter and a specific value or states that
there is a difference between two parameter
2. Two groups studying are different.
Degree of freedom:
Forone sample test OF = n-1 , For two sample test DE = nLtn2-2
t=" pee
“ha Nea
¥= sample mean, n= samplesize ho = hypothesized value of population mean
S= point estimate of Population standard deviation. sample standard deviation
For One tailed test : rejection rule you can use [tl ty
For two tailed test : rejection rule you can use |t| = tay,
Iwo Sample t-test
Ho:pts = p2(two population means are equal)
ytHy # H_(two poputation means are not equal)
Bit: a) where s= fHCAEOCI op. flasmvsiHm—ass
2 se = [bat neem? Qo ast?
fd at fa 5
For One tailed test : rejes
nruleyou can use [11 > tg
Fortwo tailed test: rejection rule you can use |t| > tay,
TIME BASED DATA
Time Serie: Components of Time Series: trend, cyclical, seasonal and irregular
Models of time series analysis:
Additive Model: 0= T+C+S+L.
Multiplicative Model: =TxCxSxL
thod nf Moving Average
Method of Least squares :
1. The sum of the deviations of the actual values of yand yr(estimated value of ¢f is zero
=Sy-yi 0
2. The sum of squares of the deviations of the actual values of Yand 4/(estimated value of 4)
is least => E (y-yi }Pis least
For the purpose of plotting the best fitted line for trend analysis, the real values of constants ‘a’
and “b' are estimated by solving the following two equations:
BY-na+bEX —— E X¥=aS X+bE x2
2, When IX=0, the equations (ii) and (iii) reduce to:
— di
LY = nat 6(0) 2a And, EX¥=4(0)+4IN = 6 =
the trend line of best fit: yi= atbx
FINANCLA&L MATHEMATICS
perpetuity:
When periodic paymentis made at the end of each payment period,
~ p