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02-Basics of Fundamentals of Programming

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in C programming, including constants, variables, and rules for naming variables. It outlines data types used in C/C++, such as integers, floats, characters, and booleans, along with their sizes and ranges. Additionally, it explains variable declaration and initialization in C programming.

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Abdul Wahab
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4 views

02-Basics of Fundamentals of Programming

The document provides an overview of basic concepts in C programming, including constants, variables, and rules for naming variables. It outlines data types used in C/C++, such as integers, floats, characters, and booleans, along with their sizes and ranges. Additionally, it explains variable declaration and initialization in C programming.

Uploaded by

Abdul Wahab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

STRUCTURE PROGRAMMING

BASICS OF C LANGUAGE

Abdul Wahab
Lecturer in IT
IECS, UST Bannu
awustb@gmail.com

Abdul Wahab (IECS UST Bannu) 1


Constant
• A quantity whose value cannot be changed during the
execution of the program is called constant.

• It may be a numeric or a non-numeric quantity

• For example:
const int a=20;
const char ch=‘M’;

2
Variable
• A quantity whose value may change during execution of
the program is called variable

• It may be numeric or a non-numeric quantity

• A variable represents a storage or memory location in the


computer memory in which data is stored.

• The name of the variable remain fixed but data stored in


that location may change from time to time.

3
Rules for Writing Variable Names
• The first character of the variable name may be an
alphabetic character or an underscore ( _ )

• The first character of variable name cannot be a digit

• Blank spaces are not allowed in a variable name

• Special characters (#, ^, $) cannot be used in variable


name

4
Rules for Writing Variable Names contd…

• Reserved C words cannot be used as variable name

• Some of compiler limits the number of characters in a


variable name up to a specific length

• A variable name declared for one data-type cannot be


used to declare another data-type

5
Note
• C/C++ is a case sensitive language.

• Variables declared with same spellings but different cases


are treated as different variable names.

• For example:

‘abc’ , ‘aBc’ , ‘ABC’ and “Abc” are all different variables

6
Examples of Valid and Invalid Variables
Variable Name Valid/ Invalid Remarks
Ahmad Valid
4percent Invalid Start with a digit
double Invalid C reserved word
Double Valid Start with a capital D
Foxpro Valid
_small Valid
x-y Invalid Special characters are not allowed
Father Name Invalid Space is not allowed
Father_Name Valid
$xyz Invalid
for Invalid C reserved word
7
Data Types used in C/C++
• The type of data is called a data type

• Four basic data types used in C/C++ are:


– int Integer
– float and double Real values
– char Characters
– Boolean True or False values

8
Integer Data Type
• An integer represents a whole number, that may be
positive or negative

• Depending upon the maximum values there are four


types of integer data type

Type Size (Bytes) Range


int 2 -32768 to 32767
long int 4 -2147483648 to 2147483647
Unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
short int 2 -32768 to 32767
unsigned int 2 0 to 65535
9
Float and Double Data Types

• The real/ floating point numbers consist of an integer


and a fractional parts

• Depending on the maximum value, there two types of


real:

Type Size (Bytes) Range


float 4 1.1 x 10-38 to 3.4 x 10+38

double 8 2.2 x 10-308 to 1.7 x 10+308

10
Char Data Type
• The char data type consists of alphabetic characters,
numeric digits and special characters

• Char data type takes only 1 byte to store the value

• In case of string, storage capacity is from 1 byte to 65535


bytes (64 MB)

11
Boolean Data Type
• Boolean data type is named after a famous mathematician
Jorge Boole who invented boolean algebra

• It is declared with keyword bool

• Its size is only 1 byte and takes either True or False values

12
Declaration of Variables
• Creating variables in a program is called declaration of
variable

• When a variable is declared, a specific size of memory is


allocated to that variable

• The memory is allocated according to the type of variable

13
Declaration of Variables Contd…

• General syntax of declaration of variable:

data_type name_of_variable(s);

• For example:

int ab;
float sqr, div, fy;
char ch, z;

14
Initialization of Variable
• Assigning value to a variable is known as initialization of
variable. For example:
sum=100;

• Variables can initialized both during declaration and after


declaration

• Initializing a variable at the time of declaration is called


inline initialization. For example:
int a=10, b=20, c=30;

15
Have a Good Day !

Abdul Wahab (IECS UST Bannu) 16

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