ADVANCED PROGRAMMING

Chapter 1&2 (cont.)

BUILT IN OBJECTS
 Section Goals
◼ Continue learning the basic syntax of Java
◼ Understand how objects are used
◼ Provide an introduction to built-in Java classes:
◼ String & StringBuffer
◼ Wrapper classes
◼ Array
◼ ArrayList and Map
◼ Format output using Escape Sequence

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 Objects and Messages
◼ Objects provide more complex behavior than
primitives
◼ Objects respond to messages
◼ Use the dot "." operator

name.substring(2,9)
receiver
parameters

message

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 Declaring and Initializing Objects
• Just like primitives and arrays, objects must be
declared before they can be used
– The declaration requires the type of the object
– Use '=' for assignment (including initialization)
– Initialization of an object often uses the new operator
– An object can be initialized to null
• Arrays of objects are declared just like arrays of
primitives
– Arrays of objects
Employee emp1 default
= new to initialization with null
Employee(123456);
•
Employee emp2;
Examples:
emp2 = emp1;
Department dept[] = new Department[100];
Test[] t = {new Test(1), new Test(2)};
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 Identity
• The == operator
– Tests for exact object identity
– Checks whether two variables reference the same
object
– For primitive types, checks for equal values
Employee a = new Employee(1);
Employee b = new Employee(1);
if (a == b)... // false

Employee a = new Employee(1);

Employee b = a;
if (a == b)... // true

int a = 1;
int b = 1;
if (a == b)... // true

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 Wrapper Classes
▪ Primitives have no associated methods
▪ Wrapper classes:
– Encapsulate primitives
Primitive Wrapper
– Provide methods to work on them Type Class
– Are included as part of the base Java API
boolean Boolean
byte Byte
char Character
double Double
float Float
int Integer
long Long
short Short
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 Using Wrapper Classes

double number = Double.parseDouble("42.76");

String hex = Integer.toHexString(42);

double value = new Integer("1234").doubleValue();

String input = "test 1-2-3";

int output = 0;
for (int index = 0; index < input.length(); index++) {
char c = input.charAt(index);
if (Character.isDigit(c))
output = output * 10 + Character.digit(c, 10);
}
System.out.println(output); // 123

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 Characters and Strings
◼ String — A class for working with immutable
(unchanging) data composed of multiple characters
◼ StringBuffer — A class for storing and
manipulating mutable data composed of
multiple characters. This class is safe for use in
a multi-threaded environment
◼ StringBuilder — A faster, drop-in replacement
for StringBuffer, designed for use by a single
thread only

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 Character's methods
Method Description
Determines whether the specified
boolean isLetter(char ch)
char value is a letter or a digit,
boolean isDigit(char ch)
respectively.
Determines whether the specified
boolean isWhiteSpace(char ch) char value is white space according
to the Java platform.
Determines whether the specified
boolean isUpperCase(char ch)
char value is upper- or lowercase,
boolean isLowerCase(char ch)
respectively.
char toUpperCase(char ch) Returns the upper- or lowercase form
char toLowerCase(char ch) of the specified char value.
Returns a String object representing
toString(char ch) the specified character value.
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 Strings
◼ Any number of characters between double quotes is a
String:

String a = "A String";

String b = "";

◼ String can be initialized in other ways:

String c = new String();

String d = new String("Another String");
String e = String.valueOf(1.23);
String f = null;

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 Concatenating Strings
◼ The + operator concatenates Strings:

String a = "This" + " is a " + "String";

◼ Primitive types used in a call to println() are

automatically converted to Strings
System.out.println("answer = " + 1 + 2 + 3);
System.out.println("answer = " + (1 + 2 + 3));

◼ Do you get the same output from the above

examples?

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 Comparing Strings
◼ oneString.equals(anotherString)
◼ Tests for equivalence
◼ Returns true or false
◼ oneString.equalsIgnoreCase(anotherString)
◼ Case insensitive test for equivalence
◼ Returns true or false
◼ oneString == =anotherString
String name "Joe"; is problematic
if ("Joe".equals(name))
name += " Smith";

boolean same = "Joe".equalsIgnoreCase("joe");

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 String Messages
◼ Strings are objects; objects respond to messages
◼ Use the dot (.) operator to send a message
◼ String is a class, with methods (more later)

String name = "Joe Smith";

name.toLowerCase(); // "joe smith"
name.toUpperCase(); // "JOE SMITH"
" Joe Smith ".trim(); // "Joe Smith"
"Joe Smith".indexOf('e'); // 2
"Joe Smith".length(); // 9
"Joe Smith".charAt(5); // 'm'
"Joe Smith".substring(5); // "mith"
"Joe Smith".substring(2,5); // "e S"

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 StringBuffer
◼ StringBuffer is a more efficient mechanism for building strings
◼ String concatenation

◼ Can get very expensive

◼ Is converted by most compilers into a StringBuffer

implementation
◼ If building a simple String, just concatenate

◼ If building a String through a loop, use a StringBuffer

StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(15);

buffer.append("This is ");
buffer.append("String");
buffer.insert(7, " a");
buffer.append('.');
System.out.println(buffer.length()); // 17
System.out.println(buffer.capacity()); // 32
String output = buffer.toString() ;
System.out.println(output); // "This is a String."

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 Creating Strings
◼ String(byte[] bytes)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified
array of bytes using the platform's default charset.
◼ String(byte[] bytes, String charsetName)
Constructs a new String by decoding the specified
array of bytes using the specified charset.
◼ String(char[] value)
Allocates a new String so that it represents the
sequence of characters currently contained in the
character array argument.
◼ String(char[] value, int offset, int count)
Allocates a new String that contains characters from a
subarray of the character array argument.
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 Creating Strings
◼ String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count)
Allocates a new String that contains characters from a
subarray of the Unicode code point array argument.
◼ String(String original)
Initializes a newly created String object so that it
represents the same sequence of characters as the
argument; in other words, the newly created string is a
copy of the argument string.
◼ String(StringBuffer buffer)
Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of
characters currently contained in the string buffer
argument.
◼ String(StringBuilder builder)
Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of
characters currently contained in the string builder
argument.

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 Creating StringBuilder
◼ StringBuilder()
Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and
an initial capacity of 16 characters.
◼ StringBuilder(CharSequence seq)
Constructs a string builder that contains the same
characters as the specified CharSequence.
◼ StringBuilder(int capacity)
Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and
an initial capacity specified by the capacity argument.
◼ StringBuilder(String str)
Constructs a string builder initialized to the contents of
the specified string.

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 Getting the Length
public class StringsDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
int len = palindrome.length();
StringBuilder dest = new StringBuilder(len);
for (int i = (len - 1); i >= 0; i--) {
dest.append(palindrome.charAt(i));
}
System.out.format("%s%n", dest.toString());
}
}
◼ The StringBuilder and StringBuffer classes have a
method called capacity, which returns the amount of space
allocated rather than the amount of space used.

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 Getting Characters by Index
◼ public char charAt(int index)
Returns the char value in this sequence at the
specified index. The first char value is at index 0.
◼ public String substring(int start)
Returns a substring begins at the specified index
and extends to the end of this sequence.
◼ public String substring(int start, int end)
Returns a substring begins at the specified start
and extends to the character at index end - 1.

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 Getting Characters by Index
◼ String anotherPalindrome = "Niagara. O roar again!";
◼ char aChar = anotherPalindrome.charAt(9);
◼ String roar = anotherPalindrome.substring(11, 15);

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 Searching for a Character
Method Description
int indexOf(char) Returns the index of the first (last)
int lastIndexOf(char) occurrence of the specified character.
Returns the index of the first (last)
int indexOf(char, int) occurrence of the specified character,
int lastIndexOf(char, int) searching forward (backward) from
the specified index.

◼ The StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes

do not support the indexOf or the
lastIndexOf methods. If you need to use
these methods on either one of these objects,
first convert to a string by using the toString
method
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 Searching for a Substring
Method Description
int indexOf(String) Returns the index of the first (last)
int lastIndexOf(String) occurrence of the specified string.
Returns the index of the first (last)
int indexOf(String, int) occurrence of the specified string,
int lastIndexOf(String, int) searching forward (backward) from the
specified index.
boolean Returns true if the string contains the
contains(CharSequence) specified character sequence.

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 FilenameDemo
public class FilenameDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final String FPATH = "/home/mem/index.html";
Filename myHomePage = new
Filename(FPATH,'/', '.');
System.out.println("Extension = " +

myHomePage.extension());
System.out.println("Filename = " +
myHomePage.filename());
System.out.println("Path = " +
myHomePage.path());
}
} Extension = html
Filename = index
Path = /home/mem
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 FileName
public class Filename {
private String fullPath;
private char pathSeparator, extensionSeparator;

public Filename(String str, char sep, char ext) {

fullPath = str;
pathSeparator = sep;
extensionSeparator = ext;
}

public String extension() {

int dot = fullPath.lastIndexOf(extensionSeparator);
return fullPath.substring(dot + 1);
}

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 FileName
public String filename() {
int dot = fullPath.lastIndexOf(extensionSeparator);
int sep = fullPath.lastIndexOf(pathSeparator);
return fullPath.substring(sep + 1, dot);
}

public String path() {

int sep = fullPath.lastIndexOf(pathSeparator);
return fullPath.substring(0, sep);
}
}

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 Comparing Strings and Portions of Strings
Methods in the String Class for Comparing Strings
Method Description
Returns true if this string ends with or
boolean endsWith(String) begins with the substring specified as an
boolean startsWith(String) argument to the method. The integer
boolean startsWith(String, argument, when present, indicates the
int) offset within the original string at which to
begin looking.

Compares two strings and returns an

integer indicating whether this string is
int compareTo(String)
greater than (result is > 0), equal to (result
is = 0), or less than (result is < 0) the
int compareToIgnoreCase
argument. The compareToIgnoreCase
(String)
method ignores case; thus, "a" and "A" are
considered equal.

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 Comparing Strings and Portions of Strings
Methods in the String Class for Comparing Strings
Method Description

Returns true if this string

contains the same sequence of
characters as the argument. The
boolean equals(Object) Object argument is converted to
boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String) a string before the comparison
boolean contentEquals(CharSequence) takes place. The
equalsIgnoreCase method
ignores case; thus, "a" and "A"
are considered equal.

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 Modifying StringBuffers and StringBuilders
Methods for Modifying a String Buffer
Method Description
StringBuffer append(boolean)
StringBuffer append(char)
StringBuffer append(char[])
StringBuffer append(char[], int, int) Appends the argument to this
StringBuffer append(double) string buffer. The data is
StringBuffer append(float) converted to a string before the
StringBuffer append(int) append operation takes place.
StringBuffer append(long)
StringBuffer append(Object)
StringBuffer append(String)

StringBuffer delete(int, int) Deletes the specified

StringBuffer deleteCharAt(int) character(s) in this string buffer.

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 Modifying String Buffers and String Builders
Methods for Modifying a String Buffer
Method Description
StringBuffer insert(int, boolean)
StringBuffer insert(int, char)
Inserts the second argument into
StringBuffer insert(int, char[])
the string buffer. The first
StringBuffer insert(int, char[], int, int)
integer argument indicates the
StringBuffer insert(int, double)
index before which the data is to
StringBuffer insert(int, float)
be inserted. The data is
StringBuffer insert(int, int)
converted to a string before the
StringBuffer insert(int, long)
insert operation takes place.
StringBuffer insert(int, Object)
StringBuffer insert(int, String)
StringBuffer replace(int, int, String) Replaces the specified
void setCharAt(int, char) character(s) in this string buffer.
Reverses the sequence of
StringBuffer reverse()
characters in this string buffer.
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 BÀI TẬP TẠI LỚP
◼ Hiện thực phương thức kiểm tra một chuỗi str bất kỳ
có cách đọc xuôi và ngược giống nhau hay không?
◼ Ví dụ: str = “abc” -> false
Str = “TRAMAMART” → true
Str =“abba” → true
Str =“abab” → false
Str =“abnmba” → false

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 Lists
◼ Problem
– You want to make an ordered list of objects. But, even
after you get the first few elements, you don’t know
how many more you will have.
• Thus, you can’t use an array, since the size of arrays
must be known at the time that you allocate it.
◼ Solution
– Use ArrayList or LinkedList: they stretch as you
add elements to them
◼ Notes
– The two options give the same results for the same
operations, but differ in performance

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 ArrayList & LinkedList
◼ Summary of operations
– Create empty list
new ArrayList<Type>() or
new LinkedList<Type>()
– Note that you need "import java.util.*;" at the top of
file
– Add entry to end
add(value) (adds to end) or add(index, value)
– Retrieve nth element
get(index)
– Check if element exists in list
contains(element)
– Remove element
remove(index) or remove(element)
– Find the number of elements
size()
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 ArrayList Example

import java.util.*; // Don't forget this import

public class ListTest2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<String> entries = new ArrayList<String>();
double d;
while ((d = Math.random()) > 0.1) {
entries.add("Value: " + d); This tells Java your list will
} contain only strings.

for (String entry : entries) { Value: 0.6374760850618444

System.out.println(entry); Value: 0.9159907384916878
Value: 0.8093728146584014
}
Value: 0.7177611068808302
} Value: 0.9751541794430284
} Value: 0.2655587762679209
Value: 0.3135791999033012
Value: 0.44624152771013836
Value: 0.7585420756498766

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 HashMap
◼ HashMap provides simple lookup table
– Use “put” to store data
Map<String,Person> employees =
new HashMap<String,Person>();
◼ The table keys will be Strings; the associated values
will be Persons.
Person p1 = new Person("a1234", "Larry",
"Ellison");
employees.put(p1.getEmployeeId(), p1);
– Use “get” to retrieve data
Person p = employees.get("a1234");
• Returns null if no match

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 Assignment 1
◼ Write a static method which takes an ArrayList of
integers and an integer and changes the ArrayList
destructively to remove all occurrences of the integer
argument. So if the integer argument is 9 and the
ArrayList is

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Formatting Output

36
 Formatted Output: printf
◼ Takes a variable number of arguments
◼ System.out.printf("Formatting String", arg1, arg2, …);
◼ Advantages
◼ Lets you insert values into output without much clumsier
String concatenation.
◼ Lets you control the width of results so things line up
◼ Lets you control the number of digits after the decimal point
in numbers, for consistent-looking output
◼ Very similar to C/C++ printf function
◼ If you know printf in C/C++, you can probably use Java's
printf immediately without reading any documentation
◼ Although some additions in time formatting and locales
◼ Use String.format to get the equivalent of C's sprintf
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 printf vs. println
◼ General idea
◼ Each %s entry in formatting string is replaced by next
argument in argument list. %n means newline.
◼ Example
public static void printSomeStrings() {
String firstName = "John";
String lastName = "Doe";
int numPets = 7;
String petType = "chickens";
System.out.printf("%s %s has %s %s.%n",
firstName, lastName, numPets, petType);
System.out.println(firstName + " " + lastName +
" has " + numPets + " " + petType + ".");
}

John Doe has 7 chickens.

Output
John Doe has 7 chickens.
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 Controlling Formatting
◼ Different flags
◼ %s for strings, %f for floats/doubles, %t for dates, etc.
◼ Unlike in C/C++, you can use %s for any type (even nums)
◼ Various extra entries can be inserted
◼ To control width, number of digits, commas, justification,
type of date format, and more
◼ Complete details
◼ printf uses mini-language
◼ Most common errors
◼ Using + instead of , between arguments (printf uses
varargs)
◼ Forgetting to add %n at the end if you want a newline (not
automatic)
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 Printf Formatting Options
Stands For Options Example
%s String. Can output any %widths printf("%8s", "Hi")
data type. If arg is Gives min num of chars. Outputs
Object, toString is called. Spaces added to left if " Hi"
needed.
%d Decimal. Outputs whole %widthd %,widthd printf("%,9d", 1234)
number in base 10. Also Gives min width; inserts Outputs " 1,234"
%x and %o for hex and commas.
octal.
%f Floating point. Lets you %width.precisionf printf("%6.2f",
line %,width.precisionf Math.PI)
up decimal point and width includes comma and Outputs " 3.14"
control precision. decimal point.
%t Time (or date). %tA for Date now = new Date();
x day, printf("%tA, %tB ,%tY", now, now, now)
%tB for month, %tY for Outputs "Thursday, November 17, 2005"
year, and many more.
%n Outputs OS-specific end of line (linefeed on Linux, CR/LF pair on Windows)

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 printf Example
public static void printSomeSalaries() {
CEO[] softwareCEOs = {
new CEO("Steve Jobs", 3.1234),
new CEO("Scott McNealy", 45.5678),
new CEO("Jeff Bezos", 567.982323),
new CEO("Larry Ellison", 6789.0),
new CEO("Bill Gates", 78901234567890.12)};
System.out.println("SALARIES:");
for (CEO ceo : softwareCEOs) {
System.out.printf("%15s: $%,8.2f%n",
ceo.getName(), ceo.getSalary());
}
}

SALARIES:
Steve Jobs: $ 3.12
Scott McNealy: $ 45.57
Output Jeff Bezos: $ 567.98
Larry Ellison: $6,789.00
25 Bill Gates: $78,901,234,567,890.12

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 printf Example

public class CEO {

private String name;
private double salary; // In billions

public CEO(String name, double salary) {

this.name = name;
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getName() { return name; }

public double getSalary() { return salary; }

}

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 Assignment 2 – làm tại lớp
◼ Hãy hiện thực phương thức sắp xếp tăng dần cho một
mảng một chiều bất kỳ?
◼ Ví dụ: các loại mảg 1 chiều có thể đưa vào test dưới
các dạng sau:
◼ Integer[] a={3,1,5,2,7};
◼ Double[] a={3,1,5,2,7};
◼ Float[] a={3.6f,1.2f,5.6f,2.8f,7.7f}

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 Assignment 3
◼ Viết chương trình thực hiện các yêu cầu sau:
1. Nhập 1 chuỗi bất kỳ từ bàn phím, sau đó hiển thị độ
dài của chuỗi vừa nhập vào và các ký tự có trong
chuỗi đó (một ký tự chỉ hiển thị 1 lần)
2. Viết chương trình thực hiện các yêu cầu sau:
1. Dùng HashSet có kiểu dữ liệu là String. Sau đó thêm
vào HashSet này tên các loại cái cây được nhập từ bàn
phím.
2. Nhập vào 1 loại tên trái cây và kiểm tra loại này có tồn
tại trong HashSet không. Nếu có thông báo tìm thấy,
nếu không thông báo không tìm thâý
3. Xoá một loại tên trái cây bất kỳ trong HashSet và hiển
thị các phần tử còn lại

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