Department of Mathematics

MAC21
Numerical Techniques and Differential Equations

 Syllabus  Question Bank

 Lesson plan  Model Question Papers

II Semester B.E.
Computer Science Engineering Stream

Term: June 2023 to Sept 2023 (Even 2023)

M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU)
Vidya Soudha, M.S.R. Nagar,M.S.R.I.T. Post, Bangalore-54
www.msrit.edu
 Vision of the Institute
To be an Institution of International Eminence, renowned for imparting quality
technical education, cutting edge research and innovation to meet global socio
economic needs

Mission of the Institute

RIT shall meet the global socio-economic needs through

 Imparting quality technical education by nurturing a conducive

learning environment through continuous improvement and
customization

 Establishing research clusters in emerging areas in collaboration with

globally reputed organizations

 Establishing innovative skills development, techno-entrepreneurial activities

and consultancy for socio-economic needs

Quality Policy
We, at Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore strive to deliver
Comprehensive, Continually enhanced, Global Quality Technical and
Management Education through an established Quality Management System
complemented by the Synergetic Interaction of the Stakeholders concerned.

Vision of the Department

To mould the students to have strong mathematical and analytical skills to meet
the challenges open to them

Mission of the Department

To provide the students with a strong mathematical foundation through course
which cater to the needs of industry, research and higher education
 Table of Contents
Sl.No. Particulars Page
No.
1. Syllabus 01
2. Lesson Plan 04
3. Question Bank – Unit wise
a) Unit-I 06
b) Unit-II 09
c) Unit-III 13
d) Unit-IV 16
e) Unit-V 19

4. Tutorials 24

5. Model Question Papers

CIE 1 28
CIE 2 29
SEE 30
 Department of
MATHEMATICS

Syllabus
Numerical techniques and Differential equations
Course Code: MAC21 Credits: 2:1:1:0
Pre-requisites: - Contact Hours: 28L+14T+14P

Course coordinators: Dr. Monica Anand & Mr. B. Azghar Pasha

Course Content

Unit I
Series Expansion of Functions & their Applications: Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series expansion of
one variable (without proof) and its applications to solve algebraic and transcendental equations - Newton-
Raphson method.
Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series expansion of two variables (without proof) and its applications to
solve the system of nonlinear equations - Newton-Raphson method.
Maxima and minima of functions of two variables, Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers.

 Pedagogy / Course delivery  Chalk and talk, Power Point Presentation, Videos
tools
 Links:  https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/106/111106101/
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/105/111105121/
 Impartus recording:  https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/119640/593
 https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/59742/295
 https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/619570/1030

Unit II
First order and first degree differential equations: Applications of first order and first degree differential
equations to solve simple electric circuit problems, Newton’s law of cooling and orthogonal trajectories.
Numerical solution of first order ODE: Taylor’s series method, Euler’s & modified Euler’s method, fourth
order Runge-Kutta method.

 Pedagogy / Course delivery  Chalk and talk, Power Point Presentation, Videos
tools
 Links  https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/106/111106100/
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/106/111106101/
 Impartus recording:  https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/119640/593
 https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/59742/295
 https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/619570/1030

Unit III
Linear differential equations of higher Order: Linear differential equations of higher order with constant
coefficients. Cauchy’s and Legendre’s linear differential equations, Method of variation of parameters –
Engineering applications.

 Pedagogy / Course delivery  Chalk and talk, Power Point Presentation, Videos

MAC21- Numerical Techniques and Differential Equations 1|Page

 Department of
MATHEMATICS

tools
 Links:  https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/105/111105121/
 Impartus recording:  https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/119640/593
 https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/59742/295

Unit IV
Interpolation: Forward and Backward differences, Interpolation, Newton-Gregory Forward and Backward
Interpolation, Lagrange’s interpolation and Newton’s divided difference interpolation techniques (no proof).
Numerical Differentiation: Derivatives using Newton-Gregory forward and backward interpolation formula.
Numerical Integration: Newton-Cotes quadrature formula: Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3rd and Simpson’s
3/8th rule (no proof).

 Pedagogy / Course delivery  Chalk and talk, Power Point Presentation, Videos
tools
 Links:  https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/106/111106101/
 Impartus recording:  https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/96127/452
 https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/132243/636

Unit V
Linear Algebra: Elementary transformations on a matrix, Echelon form & rank of a matrix, Consistency of
system of linear equations. Gauss elimination, Gauss – Seidel method to solve system of linear equations.
Eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix, Rayleigh power method to determine the dominant eigen value of
a matrix, diagonalization of square matrices. Solution of system of ODEs by matrix method.

 Pedagogy / Course delivery  Chalk and talk, Power Point Presentation, Videos
tools
 Links:  https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/108/111108066/
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/105/111105035/
 Impartus recording:  https://a.impartus.com/ilc/#/course/619570/1030

Text Books:
1. George B. Thomas, Maurice D. Weir, Joel R. Hass - Thomas’ Calculus, Pearson, 13th edition, 2014.
2. B.S. Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers, 44th edition, 2017.

Reference Books:
1. Erwin Kreyszig –Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wiley publication, 10th edition, 2015.
2. Peter V. O’ Neil – Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Thomson Brooks/Cole,
7th edition, 2011.
3. Glyn James & Phil Dyke – Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education,5th
edition, 2018.
4. Srimanta Pal & Subobh C Bhunia - Engineering Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 3rd Reprint,
2016.

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

Course Outcomes
At the end of the course the student will be able to

1. Determine extreme values, roots of algebraic & transcendental equations and solution of non-linear system
of equations. (PO-1, 2)
2. Solve first order differential equations analytically and numerically. (PO-1, 2)
3. Solve higher order linear differential equations with constant and variable coefficients. (PO-1, 2)
4. Interpolate, differentiate and integrate a given set of tabulated data (PO-1, 2)
5. Solve system of linear equations and ordinary differential equations using matrices.
(PO-1,2)

List of Programs
1. Analyzing extreme values of functions of two variablesn
2. Finding the roots of algebraic and transcendental equations using Newton-Raphson method
3. Solution of system of non-linear equations using Newton-Raphson method
4. Taylor’s series and Euler’s method to solve ODE’s of first order and first degree
5. Modified Euler’s method & Runge-Kutta method of 4th order to solve first order and first degree ODE’s
6. Solution of higher order ODE’s
7. Interpolation/Extrapolation for equispaced and unequispaced data
8. Evaluation of definite integrals using Trapezoidal, Simpson’s (1/3)rd and (3/8)th rule
9. Gauss-Seidel iteration method to solve the system of linear equations
10. Finding the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector using Rayleigh power method.

Course Assessment and Evaluation:

Continuous Internal Evaluation: 50

Assessment Tool Marks Course outcomes addressed
Internal test-I 30 CO1, CO2, CO3
Internal test-II 30 CO3, CO4, CO5
Average of the two tests shall be taken
Lab Component Marks Course outcomes addressed
Conducting Experiment and Laboratory Record 10 CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4 & CO5
Lab test 10 CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4 & CO5

Semester End Examination (SEE) 100 CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

LESSON PLAN

Lesson No No. of
Topics
/Session No Hours

U NIT -I: Series Expansion of Functions & their Applications

1 Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series expansion of one variable. 1Hr
2 Newton-Raphson method – Derivation and geometrical 1Hr
interpretation. Problems.
3 Taylor’s series and Maclaurin’s series expansion of two variables 1Hr
4 Solution of the system of nonlinear equations using Newton- 1Hr
Raphson method.
5 Maxima and minima of functions of two variables. 1Hr
6 Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers. 1Hr
U NIT -II: First order and first degree differential equations &
Numerical solution of first order ODE
7 Applications of ODE’s to solve LR, RC circuits and Newton’s law of 1Hr
cooling.
8 Orthogonal trajectories. 1Hr
9 Numerical Solution of ODE’s using Taylor’s series method. 1Hr
10 Euler’s and modified Euler’s method. 1Hr
11 Runge-Kutta method of fourth order. 1Hr
U NIT -III: Linear differential equations of higher Order
12 Introduction to LDE with constant coefficients. Solution of 1Hr
homogeneous LDE with constant coefficients.
13 Method of finding Particular integral for standard cases. 1Hr
14 Problems continued on L13. 1Hr
15 Cauchy’s and Legendre’s linear differential equations. 1Hr
16 Solution of initial and boundary value problems. 1Hr
17 Method of variation of parameters.
U NIT -IV: Interpolation, Numerical Differentiation & Numerical Integration
18 Finite differences. 1Hr
19 Newton-Gregory forward and backward difference interpolation. 1Hr
20 Lagrange’s interpolation. Newton’s divided difference interpolation. 1Hr
21 Numerical differentiation. 1Hr
22 Newton-Cotes quadrature formula. Trapezoidal rule. 1Hr
23 Simpson’s 1/3 rd and 3/8 th rule. 1Hr
U NIT -V: Linear Algebra
24 Elementary transformations on a matrix, Echelon form & rank of a 1Hr
matrix. Consistency of system of linear equations.
25 Gauss elimination method & Gauss-Seidel method to solve the 1Hr
system of linear equations.
26 Eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. 1Hr
27 Diagonalization of square matrices. Rayleigh’s power method. 1Hr
28 Solution of system of ODE’s using matrix method. 1Hr

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

Tutorial Classes

Session No. of Session No. of

Topic Topic
No. Hours No. Hours
Problems on Problems on
1 2 Hrs. 8 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 1 – 2 Lesson No. 14 – 15
Problems on Problems on
2 2 Hrs. 9 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 3 - 4 Lesson No. 16 – 17
Problems on Problems on
3 2 Hrs. 10 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 5 -6 Lesson No. 18 – 20
Problems on Problems on
4 2 Hrs. 11 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 7 – 8 Lesson No. 21 – 22
Problems on Problems on
5 2 Hrs. 12 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 9-10 Lesson No. 23
Problems on Problems on
6 2 Hrs. 13 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 11 Lesson No. 24 – 26
Problems on Problems on
7 2 Hrs. 14 2 Hrs.
Lesson No. 12 – 13 Lesson No. 27 – 28

Syllabus for Tests:

Test Units Lesson No.

Test - 1 Unit-I, Unit-II & Part of Unit-III L1-L13
Test - 2 Unit-III, Unit-IV & Part of Unit-V L14-L24

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

Unit-I
Series Expansion of functions & their applications
Taylor’s & Maclaurin’s Series Expansion of Functions of One Variable and It’s
Applications
Two & Four marks questions
1. Write Taylor’s series for the function of one variable.

2. Write Maclaurin’s series for the function of one variable.


3. Obtain the first four terms of the Taylor’s series of cos x about x  .
3
4. Expand sin 1 x in powers of x up to second degree term.
5. Expand a x
in powers of x up to first three terms.
6. Using Maclaurin’s series expand 1  sin 2 x up to the term containing x 4 .
7. Define algebraic & transcendental equations with an example.
8. Write Newton-Raphson iterative formula.
9. i) Derive Newton-Raphson method to compute the real root of the equation f ( x)  0.
10. Give the geometrical interpretation of Newton-Raphson iteration formula.
11. Using Newton-Raphson method, find a root between 0 and 1 of x 3  6x - 4 .
Seven marks questions
12. Find the positive root of x  cos x using Newton’s method.
13. Expand tan -1 x in powers of ( x  1) up to the term containing x 4 .
14. Using Maclaurin’s series expand log(sec x) up to the term containing x 5 .
a sin 1 x
15. Expand e in ascending powers of x up to the term containing x 4 .
16. Use Maclaurin’s series to prove that
𝑥4
a) cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2 + − +⋯
3
𝑥 𝑥2 7𝑥 4
b) =1+ + +⋯
sin 𝑥 6 360
𝑒𝑥 2𝑥 2 4𝑥 3
c) = 1+𝑥+ + +⋯
cos 𝑥 2! 3!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
d) cosh 𝑥 = − + − +⋯
2 12 45

17. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of e x cos x up to x 4 .

18. Expand f ( x)  x 5  x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1 in powers of ( x  1) and find f (0.99)
19. Expand f ( x)  1  x  2 x 2 in powers of ( x  1) .
20. Expand log(1  sin 2 x) in powers of x up to the term containing x 4 .
21. Compute to four decimal places, the value of cos 32° using Taylor’s series
22. Find a real root of the following equations correct to three decimal places using Newton-

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

Raphson method.
(i) 2 x 3 - 3x - 6  0 (ii) 2 x - log 10 x  7 (iii) 3x  cos x  1  0
23. Using Newton-Raphson method, find the real root of x log 10 x  1.2 correct to four
decimals.
24. Find a negative root of the equation xe  sin x  0 using Newton-Raphson method
x

correct to four decimals.

25. Find a negative root of the equation x 2  4 sin x  0 using Newton–Raphson method correct
to four decimals.
26. The bacteria concentration in a reservoir varies as c  4e  e
-2t -( 0.1) t
. Using Newton–
Raphson method, calculate the time required for the bacteria concentration to be 0.5.
27. i  10 e -t sin 2 t , where t is in seconds.
The current i in an electric circuit is given by
Using Newton-Raphson method, find the value of t correct to three decimals for i = 2
amp.

Taylor’s & Maclaurin’s Series Expansion of Functions of Two Variables and It’s
Applications:
Two & Four marks questions
28. State Taylor’s series for the function of two variables.

29. State Maclaurin’s series for the function of two variables.

30. Explain the Newton-Raphson method to find the solution of system of non-linear
simultaneous equations.
Seven marks questions
31. Expand the following functions at the given point up to second degree terms:
(i) xy  cos(xy ) about 1,   (ii) x y  3 y  2 about (1, -2) (iii) x y about (1, 1).
2 2
 2
32. Expand the following functions in powers of x and y up to second degree terms:
(i) sin x sin y (ii) e x sin y (iii) e x log(1  y ) .
33. Find a quadratic approximation of cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 at the origin
34. Solve the following system of non-linear equations using Newton-Raphson method (Carry
out two iterations)
(i) x 2  y  11, y 2  x  7, given that x0  3.5 and y0  1.8 .
(ii) x  y  x, x  y  y ,
2 2 2 2
given that x0  0.8 and y0  0.4 .
(iii) x  y  16, x  y  4,
2 2 2 2
given that x0  y0  2.828 .
(iv) x  2( y  1), y  3xy  7,
2
given that x0  1.8 and y0  1.9 .
Two & Four marks questions
35. Define maxima and minima for the function of two variables.

36. Define stationary point and saddle point.

37. Write the steps involved in finding the extreme values of f ( x, y ) .

38. Write the steps involved in the Lagrange’s method of undetermined multipliers.

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

39. Examine x 3  y 3  3axy for extreme values.

40. Show that f x, y   xy 1  x  y  is maximum at the point 1/ 3, 1/ 3 .
a3 a3
41. Show that minimum value of f  x, y   xy   is 3a 2 .
x y
Seven marks questions
42. Discuss the maxima and minima of x 3 y 2 (1  x  y ) .
 
43. Find the extreme values of f ( x, y )  sin x sin y sin(x  y ); 0  x  ,0  y  .
2 2
44. Find the minimum and maximum values of x 3  3xy 2  3x 2  3 y 2  4  0 .
45. Find the extreme values of u  x 3  y 3  63( x  y)  12 xy .
46. Find the maximum value of x m y n z p , when x  y  z  a .
47. Find the maximum and minimum distances of the point (1, 2, 3) from the sphere
x 2  y 2  z 2  56.
48. Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued product of the first, square of the second
and cube of the third may be maximum.
49. The temperature T at any point ( x, y, z ) in space is T  400 xyz 2 . Find the highest
temperature on the surface of the unit sphere x  y  z  1.
2 2 2

50. A wire of length b is cut into two parts which are bent in the form of a square and circle
respectively. Find the least value of the sum of the areas so found.
51. Show that the volume of the greatest parallelepiped that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2 8abc
2
 2  2  1 is .
a b c 3 3
52. A rectangular box open at the top is to have volume of 108 cubic ft. Find the dimension of
the box if its total surface area is minimum.

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 Department of
MATHEMATICS

Tutorial-1
1) Expand e
a sin 1
x
in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto the term containing x .
4

2) Expand tanh 𝑥 in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto the term containing 𝑥 5

3) Expand x about (1,1) up to second degree terms
y

4) Approximate the value of ln[1.031/3 + 0.981/4 − 1] using Taylor’s Series.

Tutorial-2
1) Find the extreme value of x  y  z , when xy 
2 2 2
yz  zx  p.
2) The temperature T at any point ( x, y, z ) in space is T  400 xyz 2 . Find the highest temperature
on the surface of the unit sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1.
3) Show that the rectangular solid of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere is a
cube.
4) In a plane triangle ABC, find the maximum value of cos A cos B cos C.

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