Clean_Architecture_Interview_Problems

Clean Architecture emphasizes separation of concerns through concentric layers: Entities, Use Cases, Interface Adapters, and Frameworks and Drivers, with dependencies flowing inward. The domain layer focuses on business logic without technical details, while the infrastructure layer handles implementations, using interfaces to maintain stability. Common pitfalls include over-engineering and leaking framework dependencies, which can be avoided by applying the architecture judiciously and maintaining clear module separation.

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Clean_Architecture_Interview_Problems

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pbecic

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Clean Architecture

What are the key layers in Clean Architecture and how should dependencies
flow between them?
 Clean Architecture promotes separation of concerns using concentric layers with strict
dependency rules.
 Key layers (from inner to outer):
 Entities — business models and core rules.
 Use Cases (Interactors) — application-specific business logic.
 Interface Adapters — controllers, presenters, gateways.
 Frameworks and Drivers — external tools (e.g., DB, web, UI).
 Dependency Rule:
 Code dependencies must always point inward.
 Inner layers must not depend on outer layers.
 Use interfaces to cross layers — inner layers define interfaces, outer layers implement
them.

How do you separate concerns between the domain and infrastructure layers in
Clean Architecture?
 Domain layer defines business logic and rules without referencing frameworks or
technical details.
 Infrastructure layer provides implementations for persistence, messaging, APIs, etc.
 Use interface boundaries to separate the two:
 Define repository or service interfaces in the use case layer.
 Implement these interfaces in the infrastructure layer (e.g., JPA, Kafka).
 This allows the domain to remain stable even when infrastructure changes.

What is the role of use cases (interactors) and how do they differ from services
or controllers?
 Use cases represent application-specific business operations (e.g., PlaceOrder,
RegisterUser).
 They orchestrate domain entities and invoke required infrastructure via interfaces.
 Controllers:
 Handle HTTP requests and map them to use case calls.
 Are part of the interface adapter layer.
 Services:
 Often used generically, but in Clean Architecture they must be clearly defined as use
case coordinators or domain logic containers.
 Use cases encapsulate business workflows and validate application rules.
How do you handle input/output data (DTOs) across Clean Architecture layers?
 Avoid leaking internal models to the outer world.
 Use input and output DTOs in the controller or adapter layers.
 Mapping strategy:
 Request DTO → Use case input model → Domain entity.
 Domain result → Use case output model → Response DTO.
 Keep domain entities clean and free from annotations (e.g., @Entity, @JsonProperty).
 Mappers can be implemented manually or using libraries (e.g., MapStruct).

What are common pitfalls when applying Clean Architecture and how can you
avoid them?
 Pitfalls:
 Over-engineering simple applications with too many layers.
 Leaking framework dependencies (e.g., Spring annotations) into core domain code.
 Improper boundaries — treating everything as a service without clear responsibilities.
 How to avoid:
 Apply Clean Architecture only where complexity warrants it.
 Keep the domain layer pure — no annotations, no framework code.
 Use clear module separation and consistent package structures.
 Automate interface wiring with DI frameworks but preserve clean boundaries.