PYTHON TRAINING NOTES DREAM A DREAM
Exception Handling in Python
1 Introduction to Exception Handling
An exception is an error that occurs during the execution of a program. If an exception is not handled
properly, it can cause the program to crash.
Python provides exception handling mechanisms to deal with runtime errors without stopping the
program.
🔹 Common Causes of Exceptions
1. Dividing by zero (ZeroDivisionError)
2. Using an undefined variable (NameError)
3. Accessing an invalid index in a list (IndexError)
4. Opening a non-existent file (FileNotFoundError)
5. Invalid data type operations (TypeError)
2 The try-except Block
To handle exceptions, we use the try-except block:
try:
# Code that may cause an error
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", num)
except:
# Code that runs if an error occurs
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number.")
� Explanation
The try block contains code that may cause an error.
If an error occurs, the program jumps to the except block, avoiding a crash.
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3 Handling Specific Exceptions
Instead of catching all errors, we can handle specific exceptions separately.
try:
num1 = int(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = int(input("Enter second number: "))
result = num1 / num2
print("Result:", result)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error! Division by zero is not allowed.")
except ValueError:
print("Error! Please enter valid numbers.")
except:
print("An unexpected error occurred.")
� Explanation
If the user divides by zero, ZeroDivisionError occurs.
If the user enters a non-numeric value, ValueError occurs.
Any other unknown error is handled by the generic except block.
4 Using else with try-except
The else block runs only if no exceptions occur in the try block.
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", num)
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number.")
else:
print("No errors occurred. Program executed successfully.")
✅ If no error occurs, the else block executes.
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5 The finally Block (Always Executes)
The finally block executes whether an exception occurs or not. It is useful for clean-up tasks (e.g.,
closing files or database connections).
try:
file = open("sample.txt", "r")
content = file.read()
print(content)
except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error! File not found.")
finally:
print("Closing the file.")
file.close()
� Explanation
If sample.txt exists, the file is read.
If it does not exist, an error message is displayed.
The finally block closes the file in both cases.
6 Raising Custom Exceptions (raise)
We can force an exception using the raise keyword.
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age < 0:
raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative!")
else:
print("Your age is:", age)
📌 If the user enters a negative number, Python raises a ValueError manually.
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7 Exception Handling in a Loop (Until Correct Input)
We can use a while loop to keep asking for input until a valid value is entered.
while True:
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("You entered:", num)
break # Exit the loop if input is valid
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a valid number.")
✅ The loop repeats until the user enters a correct number.
8 Multiple Exceptions in One Line
Instead of writing multiple except blocks, we can handle multiple exceptions in one line using a tuple.
try:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
result = 10 / num
except (ValueError, ZeroDivisionError):
print("Error! Either invalid input or division by zero.")
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The math, random, and datetime Modules
Python provides built-in modules that offer additional functionality. Three important modules in Python
are:
1. math module – Provides mathematical functions.
2. random module – Generates random numbers.
3. datetime module – Deals with dates and times.
1 The math Module (Mathematical Functions)
📌 Importing the math Module
To use mathematical functions in Python, we need to import the math module:
import math
📌 Important Functions in math
Function Description Example
math.sqrt(x) Returns square root of x math.sqrt(25) → 5.0
math.pow(x, y) Returns x raised to the power y math.pow(2, 3) → 8.0
math.factorial(x) Returns factorial of x math.factorial(5) → 120
math.ceil(x) Rounds x to the nearest greater integer math.ceil(4.3) → 5
math.floor(x) Rounds x to the nearest smaller integer math.floor(4.7) → 4
math.pi Returns the value of π (pi) math.pi → 3.1415926535
math.e Returns the value of e (Euler's number) math.e → 2.7182818284
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📌 Example Usage
import math
# Square root
print("Square root of 49:", math.sqrt(49))
# Power function
print("2 raised to power 5:", math.pow(2, 5))
# Factorial
print("Factorial of 6:", math.factorial(6))
# Ceiling and floor
print("Ceiling of 4.3:", math.ceil(4.3))
print("Floor of 4.7:", math.floor(4.7))
# Constants
print("Value of Pi:", math.pi)
print("Value of e:", math.e)
2 The random Module (Generating Random Numbers)
The random module is used for generating random numbers, which is useful in:
Simulations
Gaming applications
Random selection processes
📌 Importing the random Module
import random
📌 Important Functions in random
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Function Description Example
Generates a random float between 0 and
random.random() random.random() → 0.5673
1
Generates a random integer
random.randint(a, b) random.randint(1, 10) → 7
between a and b (inclusive)
random.uniform(a, Generates a random float
random.uniform(5, 10) → 7.65
b) between a and b
Randomly selects an element from a random.choice(['apple', 'banana',
random.choice(seq)
sequence (list, tuple, string) 'cherry']) → 'banana'
random.shuffle(seq) Shuffles the elements in a list randomly random.shuffle(my_list)
random.sample(seq, Selects k unique elements randomly random.sample(range(1, 10), 3) →
k) from a sequence [2, 9, 5]
📌 Example Usage
import random
# Random float
print("Random float between 0 and 1:", random.random())
# Random integer
print("Random integer between 10 and 50:", random.randint(10, 50))
# Random float between a range
print("Random float between 1 and 10:", random.uniform(1, 10))
# Random choice from a list
fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Mango"]
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print("Randomly selected fruit:", random.choice(fruits))
# Shuffle a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
random.shuffle(numbers)
print("Shuffled numbers:", numbers)
# Random sample of unique numbers
print("3 random unique numbers from 1 to 10:", random.sample(range(1, 11), 3))
3 The datetime Module (Working with Dates & Times)
The datetime module allows us to work with dates and times.
📌 Importing the datetime Module
import datetime
📌 Getting the Current Date & Time
import datetime
current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
print("Current Date & Time:", current_time)
📌 Extracting Specific Parts
Attribute Description Example
year Returns the year current_time.year → 2025
month Returns the month current_time.month → 3
day Returns the day current_time.day → 9
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Attribute Description Example
hour Returns the hour current_time.hour → 14
minute Returns the minute current_time.minute → 30
second Returns the second current_time.second → 45
print("Year:", current_time.year)
print("Month:", current_time.month)
print("Day:", current_time.day)
print("Hour:", current_time.hour)
print("Minute:", current_time.minute)
print("Second:", current_time.second)
📌 Creating a Custom Date & Time
We can manually create a specific date using datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute,
second).
my_birthday = datetime.datetime(2000, 5, 15, 8, 30, 0)
print("My Birthday:", my_birthday)
📌 Formatting Dates (strftime())
We can format dates using strftime(), which converts date objects into readable strings.
formatted_date = current_time.strftime("%d-%m-%Y %H:%M:%S")
print("Formatted Date & Time:", formatted_date)
Format Code Description Example
%Y Full Year 2025
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Format Code Description Example
%m Month (01-12) 03
%d Day (01-31) 09
%H Hour (00-23) 14
%M Minute (00-59) 30
%S Second (00-59) 45
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