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Basics of Computer Science - Quick Guide

Fundamental Concept
A computer is basically a programmable machine capable to perform arithmetic and logical
operations automatically and sequentially. It is also known as a data processor, as it can store,
process, and retrieve data as per the wish of the user.

Data processing involves the following three activities −

• Input of data
• Manipulation/processing of data
• Giving output (i.e. management of output result)
• In computer system, data is arranged orderly and systematically.

The term “computer” is derived from a Latin term “compute,” which means ‘to calculate.’ Initially,
the computer system had been designed to calculate; it was intended to be a computing device.
However, over a period of time, this device technically advanced; at present, it can perform a
wide range of desirable works apart from data processing.

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Major Functions of Computer System

Following are the core functions of a computer system −

• A computer accepts the command and/or data as input given by the user.

• A computer follows the instructions and stores the data given by the user.

• A computer processes the data as per the instructions given by the user.

• A computer gives the desirable results in the form of output.

Salient Features of Computer System

Following are the salient features of a Computer System −

• Automation − The operating system of a computer system is automatic, as no human

intervention is required; simply you need to give the command and then it will do the work
automatically.

• Speed − Depending upon the power of the computer, it can perform, it can take Millions of
instructions per second.

• Storage − A computer system can store enormous quantity of data in different format. The
storage capacity of a computer system is normally expressed in terms of Kilobytes (KB),
Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), or Terabytes (TB).

• Accuracy − The accuracy of a computer system is very high.

• Versatility − A computer system is capable of performing a wide range of tasks.

• Diligence − A computer neither get tired nor lose concentration.

• Reliability − As a computer system always gives accurate result; therefore, its reliability is
very high.

• Vast memory − A computer system can have a wide range of memory which can recall the
desired data at any point of time.

Evolution of Computer System

The present Computer System has evolved after centuries of efforts from different intellectuals
who contributed their works during different periods of time.

Abacus is (most likely) considered as the earlier counting device.

Let us now read about the innovators who contributed immensely in the development of a
computer system.

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John Napier
Napier was a Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms.

Further, Napier also invented a computing device, which consisted of sticks with numbers
imprinted on them. Napier named sticks ‘bones,’ as they were made up of bones.

Blaise Pascal
Pascal was a French mathematician who invented a machine based on gear wheels, which
helped greatly in calculation.

Charles Babbage
Babbage was an English Polymath, Mathematician, Mechanical Engineer, Philosopher, and
Inventor. In 1822, he developed a machine capable to calculate the successive difference of
expression and prepared a table which helped him in his calculations.

Lady Ada Lovelace

Lovelace was an English mathematician, who researched on Babbage’s work. She has given the
concept that ‘computers can be programmed’. Her work helped a great deal in the advancement
of computer system.

John Atanstoff
With the assistance of Berry, John Atanstoff developed the Atanstoff Berry Computer (more
popular as ABC) in 1937. It marked the beginning of the development of electronic digital
computer.

John Mauchly and Eckart

In 1947, John Mauchly and Eckart developed the first large scale Electronic Digital Computer. It
was called the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).

Maurice V. Wilkes
In 1949, Wilkes (at Cambridge University) designed Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator (EDSAC). It was the first computer that started its operating system on the stored
program concept.

Role of Computer in Today’s World

In today’s world, for almost every activity whether personal (for example, operating personal

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savings bank account) or business-related (for example, selling any product or services); in some
or the other way, we rely on the computer system.

Due to the growing dependency on computers, every small and big organizations and other
business companies have started offering computer-based service. Furthermore, the
advancement of communications, electronic service networks, and multimedia have opened a
new door for corporates by providing an effective way of business processing, payment transfer,
and service delivery.

Advantages of Computers in Business

Following are the major advantages of introducing computer system in business −

Independency
As computers help in making the business automated, the businesses are becoming more and
more independent. No more, there is the need to put man-power for every work, as with the help
of computer most of the works can be automated. Starting from ticket booking to a luxury car
manufacturing, everything is automated.

Cost Cutting
A number of business are based online in recent times; therefore, there is no need to open
business branch in every city, rather having one centralized inventory can make the business
easier. There is no need to employ many man-power.

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Marketing
With the use of computer system with Internet facility, it is very simple to make a business global
in a given period of time. Website, email, social media websites, online advertisements, etc. are
the important tools of online marketing.

Huge Transaction Capacity

A number of tasks are being done by computer including ticket booking to money transactions;
this increases the transaction capacity.

Huge Storage Capacity

Normally, most of the businesses need to store and maintain huge data and other records;
manually, it is very difficult to maintain, but the use of computer not only increases the storage

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capacity, but also facilitates the processing and retrieval of data anytime.

Improvement of Productivity & Efficiency

As most of the tasks in almost every industry has become automated, it has now become much
easier to manufacture a huge bulk of products in very less time. Through computer technology,
services also became faster and easier.

High Accuracy
There is hardly any scope of errors in an automated system; however, if any error occurs, it is
largely a human error.

Ease of Data Sharing

Data sharing has now become very simple just the way it is simple to link one computer system
to another.

Competition
The applicability of computer technology has increased competition; now, the customers can
avail support 24x7.

Enhanced the Security System

Computer also helps keep the data of businesses secure. However, this security can face threats
too. For instance, if someone hacks the system or there is a virus attack, it can have the potential
to damage all the data that is secured.

Basics of Computer Science - System

A computer system is an integrated form of different components that work together to give a
desirable result. It has different component and each works for a specific purpose; however, they
generate a common result as required by the user.

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Components of Computer System

Let us now understand the following basic components of a computer system.

• Hardware
• Software
• Humanware
• Firmware
• Bridgeware

Hardware
The physical components collectively form the hardware of a computer system. Hardware
comprises of the equipment that helps in the working system of the computer.

Following are the different types of hardware components (which have specific functions) −

• Monitor − It displays (visual) the result.

• CPU − It is the Central Processing Unit that controls the computer’s functions and transmits
data.

• Motherboard − It is mainly accountable to establish communication between components

and transmission of information.

• RAM − It is the Random Access Memory and responsible for the storage of programs that
are currently running and also stores data temporarily.

• Hard Disk Drive − It is a permanent memory storage device.

• Floppy Disk Drive − It is hardly being used in recent times.

• Optical disks − It is a device that also store data. For example, CD, DVD, etc.

Input & Output Device

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The following table categorically lists down the input and output device −

Input Device Output Device Input Device Output Device

Mouse Monitor Microphone Speaker

Keyboard Printer Camera Earphone

Scanner Projector Trackball Monitor

Touchpad Plotter Joystick Monitor

Software
The hardware components can only function when software components are added to the
computer system. Software is a program that performs different commands given by a user.

Software is an intangible part of hardware and controls the sequence of operations.

Types of Software
Depending on the basic features and functionality, software can be categorized as −

• Operating Systems (OS)

• Application Software (AS)
• E-accessibility Software

Let us now discuss the software components in brief.

Operating System
This software helps to load the basic program automatically as soon as the computer is started.
Following are the major types of operating system −

Operating Software Examples

Microsoft Windows XP, Vista, etc.

Mac OS X Panther, Cheetah, Snow leopard, etc.

Linux Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Knoppix, etc.

Application Software
The software, which can be used on an installed operating system, is known as application
software. Following are the significant examples of application software −

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Application Software Examples

Office programs Microsoft Office, OpenOffice, LibreOffice, etc.

Web browser Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari,
etc.

Antivirus Program Norton, McAfee, Quick Heal, Avira, Kaspersky, etc.

E-accessibility Software
The E-accessibility software components additional facilities to users such as −

• Voice recognition software

• Screen reader
• Magnifying tool
• On-screen keyboard
• Video games
• Learning software, etc.

Programming Languages
The computer system is simply a machine and hence it cannot perform any work; therefore, in
order to make it functional different languages are developed, which are known as programming
languages or simply computer languages.

Over the last two decades, dozens of computer languages have been developed. Each of these
languages comes with its own set of vocabulary and rules, better known as syntax. Furthermore,
while writing the computer language, syntax has to be followed literally, as even a small mistake
will result in an error and not generate the required output.

Following are the major categories of Programming Languages −

• Machine Language
• Assembly Language
• High Level Language
• System Language
• Scripting Language

Let us discuss the programming languages in brief.

Machine Language or Code

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This is the language that is written for the computer hardware. Such language is effected directly
by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer system.

Assembly Language
It is a language of an encoding of machine code that makes simpler and readable.

High Level Language

The high level language is simple and easy to understand and it is similar to English language.
For example, COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, C, C+, Python, etc.

High-level languages are very important, as they help in developing complex software and they
have the following advantages −

• Unlike assembly language or machine language, users do not need to learn the high-level
language in order to work with it.

• High-level languages are similar to natural languages, therefore, easy to learn and
understand.

• High-level language is designed in such a way that it detects the errors immediately.

• High-level language is easy to maintain and it can be easily modified.

• High-level language makes development faster.

• High-level language is comparatively cheaper to develop.

• High-level language is easier to document.

Although a high-level language has many benefits, yet it also has a drawback. It has poor control
on machine/hardware.

The following table lists down the frequently used languages −

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Hardware and Software

The following table highlights the points that differentiate a hardware from a software.

Hardware Software

It is the physical component of a computer It is the programming language that makes

system. hardware functional.

It has the permanent shape and structure, which It can be modified and reused, as it has no
cannot be modified. permanent shape and structure.

The external agents such as dust, mouse, The external agents such as dust, mouse,
insects, humidity, heat, etc. can affect the insects, humidity, heat, etc. cannot affect (as it is
hardware (as it is tangible). not tangible).

It works with binary code (i.e., 1’s to 0’s) . It functions with the help of high level language
like COBOL, BASIC, JAVA, etc.

It takes in only machine language, i.e., lower It takes in higher level language, easily readable
level language. by a human being.

It is not affected by the computer bug or virus. It is affected by the computer bug or virus.

It cannot be transferred from one place to other It can transfer from one place to other
electronically. electronically.

Duplicate copy of hardware cannot be created. A user can create copies of a software as many
as he wishes.

Analog and Digital

The following table highlights the basic differences between analog and digital −

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Analog Digital

Its functions on physical analog system. It functions on discrete numbers system.

The calculations in this system are primarily The calculations in this system are converted into
converted to equations and later converted into binary numbers (i.e., 1s and 0s).
electrical signals.

To function, it requires physical analog. To function, it requires discrete numbers.

It gives output in the form of ‘graph’. It gives output in the form of discrete values.

Accuracy comparatively is less. Accuracy is very high.

Performs at a low speed. It performs at a very high speed.

Difficult to make changes, as it is less flexible. It is highly flexible.

It has memory of low capacity. It has memory of high capacity.

Its application is limited to certain applications. Its application is applicable to a number of

applications.

It is hardly applicable for the business It is very much suitable for the business
applications. applications.

It cannot process alpha-numeric data. It can process alpha-numeric data.

It requires RF technology. It requires IP networking.

Static channel assignment. Automatic channels exist as required.

Operating System
An operating system is the fundamental basis of all other application programs. Operating system
is an intermediary between the users and the hardware.

Operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.
The major services of an operating system are −

• Memory management
• Disk access
• Creating user interface
• Managing the different programs operating parallel
• Likewise, it controls and manage the hardware’s working

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Applications of Operating System

Following are the major applications of an operating system −

• An operating system is accountable for the formation and deletion of files and directories.

• An operating system manages the process of deletion, suspension, resumption, and

synchronization.

• An operating system manages memory space by allocation and de-allocation.

• An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects the existing files.

• Further, an operating system manages all the components and devices of the computers
system including modems, printers, plotters, etc.

• In case, if any device fails, the operating system detects and notify.

• An operating system protects from destruction as well as from unauthorized use.

• An operating system facilitates the interface to user and hardware.

Types of Operating System

Following are the major types of operating system −

• Disk Operating System (DOS)

• Windows Operating System
• Unix Operating System

Let us now discuss each operating system in detail.

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Disk Operating System

MS-DOS is one of the oldest and widely used operating system. DOS is a set of computer
programs, the major functions of which are file management, allocation of system resources,
providing essential features to control hardware devices.

DOS commands can be typed in either upper case or lower case.

Features of DOS
Following are the significant features of DOS −

• It is a single user system.

• It controls program.
• It is machine independence.
• It manages (computer) files.
• It manages input and output system.
• It manages (computer) memory.
• It provides command processing facilities.
• It operates with Assembler.

Types of DOS Commands

Following are the major types of DOS Command −

• Internal Commands − Commands such as DEL, COPY, TYPE, etc. are the internal
commands that remain stored in computer memory.

• External Commands − Commands like FORMAT, DISKCOPY, etc. are the external
commands and remain stored on the disk.

Windows Operating System

The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system.

It is the most popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any person who can read
and understand basic English, as it does not require any special training.

However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various application programs
initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then window can
be executed.

Elements of Windows OS

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Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

• Graphical User Interface

• Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
• Taskbar
• Start button
• Windows explorer
• Mouse button
• Hardware compatibility
• Software compatibility
• Help, etc.

Versions of Windows Operating System

Following are the different versions of Windows Operating System −

Version Year Version Year

Window 1.01 1985 Windows XP Professional x64 2005

Windows NT 3.1 1993 Windows Vista 2007

Windows 95 1995 Windows 7 2009

Windows 98 1998 Windows 8 2012

Windows 2000 2000 Windows 10 2015

Windows ME 2000 Windows Server 2016 2016

Windows XP 2001

Unix Operating System

The Unix Operating System is the earliest operating system developed in 1970s. Let us consider
the following points relating to the Unix Operating System −

• It is an operating system that has multitasking features.

• It has multiuser computer operating systems.

• It runs practically on every sort of hardware and provides stimulus to the open source
movement.

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• It has comparative complex functionality and hence an untrained user cannot use it; only the
one who has taken training can use this system.

• Another drawback of this system is, it does not give notice or warn about the consequences
of a user’s action (whether user’s action is right or wrong).

Basics of Computer Science - Internet

Internet is a system that interconnects the different computer systems across the world. It uses
the Internet protocol suite to link devices located in different corners of the world.

The Internet system carries an extensive range of information resources and services including
World Wide Web (WWW), telephony, electronic mail, etc. It uses standard internet protocols,
such as TCP/IP and HTTP, etc.

An internal web comprises of all Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) nodes on a private network;
for example, an organization’s LAN or WAN.

Features of Internet
Let us now discuss the features of Internet. The features are described below −

Accessibility
An Internet is a global service and accessible to all. Today, people located in a remote part of an
island or interior of Africa can also use Internet.

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Easy to Use
The software, which is used to access the Internet (web browser), is designed very simple;
therefore, it can be easily learned and used. It is easy to develop.

Interaction with Other Media

Internet service has a high degree of interaction with other media. For example, News and other
magazine, publishing houses have extended their business with the help of Internet services.

Low Cost
The development and maintenance cost of Internet service are comparatively low.

Extension of Existing IT Technology

This facilitates the sharing of IT technology by multiple users in organizations and even facilitates
other trading partners to use.

Flexibility of Communication
Communication through Internet is flexible enough. It facilitates communication through text,
voice, and video too. These services can be availed at both organizational and individual levels.

Security
Last but not the least, Internet facility has to a certain extent helped the security system both at
the individual and national level with components such as CCTV camera, etc.

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Internet Software
Internet Software comprises of all the tools needed for networking through computer. Following
are a few important components of the Internet Software −

• Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

• Dialer Software
• Interment Browser

Internet Applications
Internet applications are server-based applications. Following are a few Internet Applications −

• World Wide Web (WWW)

• Electronic mail (e-mail)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Telnet (i.e., log-in to the computer located remotely)
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) (Real time video chatting)

Types of Computer
All the computers that are developed are not alike rather they have different designs and
features. Some computers have very high capacity as well as working speed; however, some are
slow. Depending upon the requirements, computers are being developed.

Types of Computer
Depending upon the internal structure and subsequent features and applicability, computer
system is categorized as follows −

Mainframe Computer
It is high capacity and costly computer. It is largely used by big organizations where many people
can use it simultaneously.

Super Computer
This category of computer is the fastest and also very expensive. A typical supercomputer can
solve up to ten trillion individual calculations per second.

Workstation Computer

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The computer of this category is a high-end and expensive one. It is exclusively made for
complex work purpose.

Personal Computer (PC)

It is a low capacity computer developed for single users.

Apple Macintosh (Mac)

It is a sort of personal computer manufactured by Apple company.

Laptop computer (notebook)

It is a handy computer that can be easily carried anywhere.

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Tablet and Smartphone

Modern technology has advanced further. It has helped develop computers that are pocket-
friendly. Tablets and smartphones are the best examples of such computer.

Computer Networking Terminology

In this chapter, we will discuss the major terminologies used in computer networking −

WAN
It stands for Wide Area Network and covers a wide area such as a city.

LAN
It stands for Local Area Network and covers a small area such as a small office or home. It
physically connects all the computers located in the premises.

Internet
It is a computer network system that connects the computers of the world. It is normally
connecting through WAN and LAN.

Intranet
It is a close room computer network system, as it covers a small area and only authorized people
can access it.

Extranet
It is also a sort of Internet the access to which is granted only to a few.

World Wide Web (WWW)

It is the service that is used on Internet to view and search contents (in the form of web-pages).

Instant messaging (IM)

It is an online facility that facilitates us to chat or talk. Such service is provided by Skype, Google
Talk, Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, etc.

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Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

It is a Protocol, which is used especially for voice transfer over IP network. Likewise, it facilitates
users to make phone-calls by using internet.

Really Simple Syndication (RSS)

It is a technique, which is used for the dissemination of information, articles, etc. Users normally
subscribe to the RSS channel in order to receive news. After subscription, users do not need to
visit the respective website rather they receive emails regarding the same.

Web log
It is a sort of online inventory (normally on a specialized topics) that consists of a series of
entries. These entries are arranged in opposite chronological order. The person who maintains
the weblog regularly update it with a new information.

Podcast
It is a digital file that normally contains audio or video record and is available on the Internet as
well.

Social networking websites

It refers to the websites that facilitate users with a common platform where they can share their
message (in text, audio, or even video form), images, videos, etc. For example, Facebook,
Google+, Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace, etc.

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Chat Rooms
It is a dedicated area on the Internet that facilitates users to communicate.

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

It is a technical expression for public telephone system.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

It is a set of communication standards that transmits voice, video, data, and other network
services simultaneously.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

It is a sort of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology that facilitates faster data transmission.

Download
It is a process that saves data from Internet onto a personal computer.

Upload
It is a process that transfers the saved data from a personal computer to Internet server.

Dial-up
It is a technique in which a phone line is used in order to connect to the Internet.

Broadband
It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports multiple signals and traffic types swiftly.

Basics of Computer Science - Applications

A number of tasks in today’s world is computer based - filling an application, transferring fund, or
doing online business everything can be done through computer application.

Easily accessible and user friendly, computer applications process the required transactions very
quickly and accurately.

Computer applications are designed in such a simple manner that no qualification or training is
required to use it; any person who can read and write can use computer application.

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Uses of Computer Applications

In this section, we will discuss the different computer applications and their uses.

• On-line Application
• Real Time Application
• Business Application

Online Applications
Today, most of the applications are being accepted online, whether it is for opening a bank
account, filling admission form, filling job application, etc.

Following are the important forms of online applications −

Banking
Most of the banks are interlinked through computer networking and offer core banking facilities.
Computer networking helps maintain accounts online, offers net banking facility, makes available
online transactions facility, and offers digital signature facility, the biggest advantage being that
ATM machines can dispense money anytime, etc.

Ticket Booking
Ticket booking has become easier with computer networking. Flight ticket, railway ticket, and
even bus ticket can be booked online with simple and easy steps.

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Passport Application
If you want to apply for a new passport, you can do it by yourself online. Besides, you can also
apply for other essential documents online such as PAN card, Aadhaar Card, etc.

Job Application
Today, most of the applications (private as well as government) are being filled online. Many of
the organizations also conduct competitive exams leading to employment online.

Admission Application
Most of the schools and universities have made their admission applications available online;
they also accept fees online.

Real-time Application
Real-time application is a computer based application program that functions in a given period of
time. Or in other words, in a given period of time, a user has to perform certain functions before
the time lapses.

For example, if you are making online transactions, then you have to provide the required
information in a given time framework or else you will miss the chance.

Following are significant examples of real-time application −

Videoconferencing
With this technology, people can connect with each other visually from different places.

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VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol)

This technology helps to make telephone calls over digital computer networks.

E-commerce transactions
This technology helps in buying and selling products over the digital computer network.

Online banking
Online banking is virtual banking from any place with the help of computer networks.

Instant messaging
This is where messages can be exchanged over the Internet instantly.

Online gaming
This enables playing of games partially or completely over the Internet.

Business Application
Different businesses have different computer applications; however, a few applications such as
for maintaining the data base (of respective business), keeping employees’ records, offering
online business facilities, online promotions, etc. are the common features of almost every
business organization.

As such, introduction of computer technology has made business easier, simpler, and accessible
24×7.

Generations of Computer
The development of computer systems is normally discussed as the development over different
generations.

With the succession of different generations, came the advancement in computer technology.

Computer Generations
Let us now discuss the development in Computer Technology over the different generations.

First Generation

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• The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the First Generation of Computer.

• The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube or thermionic valve
machine.

• The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape; however, the output
was displayed on printouts.

• The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-1).
Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc.

Second Generation
• The period 1956 to 1963 is roughly considered as the period of Second Generation of
Computers.

• The second generation computers were developed by using transistor technology.

• In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller.

• In comparison to computers of the first generation, the computing time taken by the
computers of the second generation was lesser.

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Third Generation
• The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of
computers.

• The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC)
technology.

• In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the
third generation was smaller.

• In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by the
computers of the third generation was lesser.

• The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat.

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• The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low.

• The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for commercial
use.

Fourth Generation
• The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers.

• The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology.

• By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable.

• The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.

• It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.

• The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation.

• It became available for the common people as well.

Fifth Generation
• The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth generation
of computers.

• By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware only,
but the fifth generation technology also included software.

• The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.

• Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be performed
simultaneously.

• Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial
intelligence, Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.

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Data Processing
Collection, manipulation, and processing collected data for the required use is known as data
processing. It is a technique normally performed by a computer; the process includes retrieving,
transforming, or classification of information.

However, the processing of data largely depends on the following −

• The volume of data that need to be processed

• The complexity of data processing operations
• Capacity and inbuilt technology of respective computer system
• Technical skills
• Time constraints

Methods of Data Processing

Let us now discuss the different methods of data processing.

• Single user programming

• Multiple programming
• Real-time processing
• On-line processing
• Time sharing processing
• Distributed processing

Single User Programming

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It is usually done by a single person for his personal use. This technique is suitable even for
small offices.

Multiple Programming
This technique provides facility to store and execute more than one program in the Central
Processing Unit (CPU) simultaneously. Further, the multiple programming technique increases
the overall working efficiency of the respective computer.

Real-time Processing
This technique facilitates the user to have direct contact with the computer system. This
technique eases data processing. This technique is also known as the direct mode or the
interactive mode technique and is developed exclusively to perform one task. It is a sort of online
processing, which always remains under execution.

On-line Processing
This technique facilitates the entry and execution of data directly; so, it does not store or
accumulate first and then process. The technique is developed in such a way that reduces the
data entry errors, as it validates data at various points and also ensures that only corrected data
is entered. This technique is widely used for online applications.

Time-sharing Processing
This is another form of online data processing that facilitates several users to share the resources
of an online computer system. This technique is adopted when results are needed swiftly.
Moreover, as the name suggests, this system is time based.

Following are some of the major advantages of time-sharing processing −

• Several users can be served simultaneously

• All the users have almost equal amount of processing time
• There is possibility of interaction with the running programs

Distributed Processing
This is a specialized data processing technique in which various computers (which are located
remotely) remain interconnected with a single host computer making a network of computer.

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All these computer systems remain interconnected with a high speed communication network.
This facilitates in the communication between computers. However, the central computer system
maintains the master data base and monitors accordingly.

Basics of Computer Science - Networking

A computer networking is a process of connecting two more than two computers with the purpose
to share data, provide technical support, and to communicate (especially for the business
purpose.

Internet is the technology that is used to connect different computer systems (located in different
geographic location). Networking technology has revolutionized the world and created a new
arena for the overall development of every nation.

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Advantages of Networking
Let us now discuss the advantages of networking. The advantages are described below −

Facility of Technical Support

Because of having computer networking, a person sitting in the United States of America
provides technical support to a person sitting in a remote part of India.

Easy Sharing of Data

With the help of networking, it is very simple to share all formats of digital data from one
computer system to another (irrespective of their geographic location).

Easy Sharing of Hardware Resource

With the help of networking, it has now become very simple to share the expensive resources
including storage space, processor, fax, etc.

Easy Sharing Software

Through the networking system, it is easy to share and install the software from one computer
system to another computer system.

Easy to Decentralize Data Processing

Through the networking system, it is very simple to decentralize the data processing system. It
ultimately helps to control, secure, and manage the important data.

Easy to Communicate
With the help of networking, the communication system has now become highly efficient, frugal,
and fast. The different modes of communication are text chatting, video chatting, emails, etc.

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Types of Network
In this section, we will discuss the different types of network. The types are described below −

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network

Local Area Network or simply LAN is the technique of interconnecting a few computers located in
a given premise. It is normally used for a single business office or a residential apartment.

The major purpose of such interconnectivity is to establish a communication system in order to

make the work easier.

However, in such connectivity, some other devices can also be attached such as laser printers,
fax machine, etc.

Metropolitan Area Network

Metropolitan Area Network or simply MAN is a system of network that normally covers a large
metropolitan area (city part).

It provides high speed Internet services throughout the area covered within the network.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Network or simply WAN is a system of network that covers a large geographical area
across the world.

The services of WAN are provided by public (government) agencies as well as private agencies.
The network also provides the facility to access databases located remotely.

The WAN system is highly beneficial for MNCs and other big corporate companies (offering
online services).

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Computer Related Jobs

The fast computerization of every work and gradual dependency on computer based work has
exponentially opened a new arena of Information technology for employment.

However, the IT field requires qualified and trained employees who can design and develop a
new information system.

Information technology has also helped in research and development and has further developed
new technologies. The IT employees emphasize on planning, designing, developing, managing
the work, and providing technical support to various users.

Types of Computer Related Jobs

In recent times, a number of jobs have come up that are done with the assistance of computer.
We will discuss the different job titles performing computer related jobs −

Programmer
A person who is qualified enough to write a creative code for the computer program is known as
Programmer.

The codes written by programmer are the instructions given to the computer over what to do, how
to do, when to do, etc.

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There are dozens of languages, which are written by the different programmers. E.g. Java, C,
C++, python, Ajax, etc.

System Analyst
The job of a system analyst is highly classified and also very crucial.

A system analyst fundamentally designs, develops, and implements new systems or adds some
additional features in the existing system to give instructions to perform additional tasks.

System analyst also specializes in fields such as engineering, science & technology, finance,
business, accounting, etc.

Database Administrator
A database administrator or simply DBA is a trained person who is accountable for the storage of
and management of the database system.

Network Administrator
Computer networking is another specialized field where a qualified person is required.

A network administrator specializes in installing, configuring, and supporting computer network

system. Likewise, he manages the local area network, wide area network, the Internet system or
the segment of a network system in the respective organization.

The job of a network administrator is a very crucial one as almost every network in an
organization requires at least one network administrator.

Web Designers
A web designer is an architect who designs an effective and communicative website.

He places the images, contents, and other such information on right places to make the website
interactive and user friendly.

Information Security Analysts

This is one of the most significant jobs under which an Information Security Analyst designs,
implements, and supports the security system of a computer or whole network.

Electronic Commerce
The advancement of computer technology and internet, domestic as well as international
businesses are being fascinated towards these technologies. Today, most of the small or big

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businesses and domestic or international businesses offer their products and services through
Internet.

The business organizations these days have attractive and interactive website through which
they promote and market their business.

The facility of computer based technology and Internet collectively integrates the fragmented
markets by offering them a common arena. Technology has further helped organizations in cost
cutting and has also helped reduce the cost of products and services.

Technology facilitates customers in buying products or services of their requirement by sitting at

home or any place.

What is Electronic Commerce?

Electronic commerce or simply ecommerce is normally a process that involves facilitating the
availability of products and services online. The users can search, choose, sell, buy from a wide
range of options through Internet.

The major activities of ecommerce are as follows −

• Selling products and services online (through internet)

• Buying products and services online
• Paying and accepting payment online
• Transaction of businesses and other services online

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Features of E-Commerce
Following are the important features of ecommerce −

• It efficiently increases the business capability.

• It substantially reduces the cost.
• It perceptively increases the delivery services.
• It unbreakable solution of quick business transactions and office automation.
• It potentially increases the intra-business functionality.
• It competently increases the business communication.

Types of E-Commerce
Following are the major types of e-commerce businesses −

Business-to-Business (B2B)
It is conducted between two business firms.

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
It is conducted between the business firm and the consumer.

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
Consumer-to-consumer business deals happen between two consumers; there are certain
websites that facilitate a common platform to both the consumers - one who wants to buy and
one who wants to sell.

Benefits of E-Commerce
Let us now discuss the benefits of e-commerce −

• It facilitates free market.

• It is available 24×7.

• Its presence is global (there is no constrain of political boundary as such).

• Set up cost is substantially low.

• It provides user-friendly technology.

• It offers multiple opportunity parallel and simultaneously.

• It provides frugal facilities to promote and market businesses.

• It has features to offer market research facility.

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• It makes customer relations management easier.

• It facilitates the provision of 24×7 customer care services.

• It provides fund transfer facility domestically as well as internationally with simple steps.

Software Programming
In order to make a computer functional, a set of instructions need to be programmed, as these
programmed languages are carriers to the performance of a task.

Likewise, a computer accepts users’ instructions in the form of computer programming and then
carries out the given task.

Features of Software Programming

A computer program, which actually is a set of instructions and helps computer to perform a
specific task, has the following basic features −

• It ensures the given instructions are performed successfully.

• It ensures the given instructions are performed in sequential order.

• Explains the input (data) given is correct or insufficient and accordingly gives the result.

• It is written with high level language.

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Steps to Development of Program

Development of programming language is entirely dependent on the kind of problem and
requirement. However, development of a programming language normally (not essentially, but)
includes the following steps −

Defining the Problem

This the first step, wherein the problem has to be defined.

Analysis of Task and Methods

Once the problem is defined, the developer analyzes and develops various solutions in order to
solve the problem and finally, the best feasible solution is developed.

Development of Algorithm
Algorithm is a proper technique that illustrates the right solution in logical and feasible steps.
Algorithm is normally done in the form of flowcharts and pseudo codes.

Verification of Algorithm
Once the algorithm is developed, it cannot be applied directly rather primarily it needs to be
tested specially for the accuracy. If there is any error, it is rectified and solved in the beginning
itself. The verification process saves time, money, and energy.

Coding
Once the basic processes and steps are completed successfully, then the actual coding of a

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program starts in the given programming language.

Testing of Program
Testing of the development of program code is another essential feature, as it is bound with
errors; hence, testing makes it error free. The developer keeps testing and correcting the coding
until he/she develops it finally.

Documentation
Once the coding and programming is done successfully, it is the job of the developer to document
all these features and steps. The documented program instructs users on how to run and operate
the respective program.

Implementation
Once the above steps are executed successfully, the developed codes (programming language)
are installed in the computer system for the end users. The users are also manuals - explaining
how to run the respective programs.

Algorithm Flowchart
A flowchart is a blueprint that pictorially represents the algorithm and its steps. The steps of a
flowchart do not have a specific size and shape rather it is designed in different shapes and sizes
(see the image given below).

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As shown in the above image, the boxes in different shapes and interconnected with arrows, are
logically making a flow chart. A flow-chart represents the general steps in a process.

Benefits of Flowchart
Let us now discuss the benefits of a flowchart.

Simplify the Logic

As it provides the pictorial representation of the steps; therefore, it simplifies the logic and
subsequent steps.

Makes Communication Better

Because of having easily understandable pictorial logic and steps, it is a better and simple way of
representation.

Effective Analysis
Once the flow-chart is prepared, it becomes very simple to analyze the problem in an effective
way.

Useful in Coding
The flow-chart also helps in coding process efficiently, as it gives directions on what to do, when
to do, and where to do. It makes the work easier.

Proper Testing
Further, flowchart also helps in finding the error (if any) in program

Applicable Documentation
Last but not the least, a flowchart also helps in preparing the proper document (once the codes
are written).

Flow-Chart Symbols
The following table illustrates the symbols along with their names (used in a flow-chart) −

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Name Symbol Name Symbol

Flow Line Magnetic Disk

Terminal Communication Link

Processing Offline Storage

Decision Annotation

Connector Flow line

Document Off-Page Connector

Sample of Flow Chart

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Basics of Computer Science - Extranet

An extranet is a sort of personalized service, which is controlled and regulated by private
network.

This personalized and controlled technology provides access only to partners, vendors, and
suppliers; sometimes, not essentially, but also to some specific customers.

An extranet is a private network organization, which is actually the part of respective company’s
intranet and its services are extended to users outside the company. Sometimes, it is also
considered as a specialized technique to practice business with other companies and selling
products to the customers.

In order to do business with other business partners, extranet technology facilitates the intranet
from one location to other and also provides security to data flow.

An extranet service requires firewall server management in order to provide security and privacy.

Features of Extranet Services

Following are the significant features of extranet services −

• Extranet is an extended Internet service to the private business network.

• The services extend outside the corporate firewall.

• Sometimes, it can be referred to an Intranet, as it can be (partially) accessible to some

outsiders (with permission).

• The technique of extranet links two (or more) business organizations who share common

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business goals.

Application of Extranet
Extranet can be applied for the following services −

• It facilitates collaborative business between two (or more) companies

• By using this technology, a joint training program (with other company) is conducted

• By using electronic data interchange, large volumes of data are shared swiftly

• It is used to share product catalogs especially with wholesalers

• Extranet service is also used in providing customer support

• It is used to share business news with partner companies

Advantages of Extranet
The advantages of Extranet services are as follows −

• It makes business (services) swift and faster.

• It helps greatly in improving the business communication.
• It helps in reducing the cost (especially in terms of stationery stuff).
• It helps in improving the efficiency and confidence of the employees.
• It reduces some big physical barriers (especially the geographical distance).

Major Fields Using Extranet

Following are some of the major fields that are using Extranet service on a large scale −

• Corporate houses
• Government offices
• Education centers

Intranet is more localized, as only internal employees have the accessibility. In contrast, Extranet
covers a wider area, as outsiders (such as partner, vendor, or even customer) have the
authorized accessibility.

Basics of Computer Science - Mobile

Mobile computers are the systems, which are physically not remain connected to specific place
rather these are mobile in nature, as one can carry anywhere anytime.

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The mobile computer technology carries battery back; therefore, it does not require consistent
electric power.

Mobile computers can be connected with Internet through wire or the connection can be wireless
as well through Wi-Fi or Bluetooth technology. Likewise, it is portable, self-powered (because of
inbuilt battery), and infused with wireless technology computing device.

Types of Mobile Computing Device

Following are the popular mobile computing devices −

Laptop
A laptop is a portable version of desktop computer. It is equally competent to do any computing
work.

Notebook
It is a light weight portable personal computer.

Tablet
It is comparatively handier slate-shaped mobile computer.

Smart Phone
A smart phone is a fully equipped cell phone with most of the computing features.

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Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

It is a computer device more popular as pocket computer. It is largely used in calculation,
accessing the Internet, sending and receiving E-mails, scanning bar codes, use as a radio or
stereo, playing computer games, video recording, typewriting and word processing, use as an
address book, making and writing on spreadsheets, Global Positioning System (GPS), as a clock
and calendar, etc.

Portable Data Terminal (PDT)

It is a computer device, which is largely used to enter or retrieve data through wireless
transmission (i.e., WLAN or WWAN).

Mobile Data Terminal(MDT)

It is a computer device, which is used in police cars, taxi-cabs, military logistics, service trucks,
commercial trucking fleets, courier vehicles, fishing fleets, etc.

Ultra-mobile Personal Computer (UMPC)

It is small form of tablet PC.

Windows Desktop Elements

Once you are logged in a window computer system, you will get dozens of applications, so you
can choose an option of your requirement.

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Many of the options have shortcut icon readily available on your computer screen; however, in
some computers, you may not find any such option on the screen; in such a case, you can take
the help of menu button (as shown in the image given below) −

As you can see in the above image, in the left bottom, there is a window symbol (i.e., menu
button); once you click on it, the given menu option will appear and from here you can choose
your option.

Start Menu Options

The following table lists down the options that appear after clicking on the Start menu −

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Sr.No. Option & Description

1
All programs

It displays all those programs, which are installed in your system.

2
Document

It displays a list of folders used by the user.

3
Recent file

It displays the recently used file.

4
My picture

It displays a list of pictures.

5
My music

It displays a list of music/song, etc.

6
My computer

It displays the drives of computer where user keeps his/her work, file, folder, song,
video, picture, e-book, etc.

7
Control panel

It displays all the installed computer programs (software).

8
Printer

It displays the installed printers (if printer is installed in the system, user can take print
easily).

9
Help (support)

It helps users to know how to do a particular task.

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10
Search

It helps a user to find a file in computer.

11
Run

It helps to start an application program or execute a DOS command.

12
Setting

It has different options that help to manage different settings of the computer, software
as well as hardware.

13
Log Off

It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the system.

14
Sleep

It makes the system non-functional; however, puts the ongoing work and settings in
memory and also keeps drawing small amount of power.

15
Hibernation

Hibernation puts the open documents and programs on hard disk and then turns off
your computer; in comparison to ‘sleep’, it uses very low power.

16
Restart

Its function is to shut down and again start (log on) computer; it is done normally to
refresh computer especially when computer is hanged.

17
Shut down

It simply shuts down the system.

Note − Depending on the version of your window, the menu option may vary in terms of
appearance and number of menu options; however, there would not be any change in basics.

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Recycle Bin
Recycle Bin is a trash location where deleted files remain stored. Once you delete any sort of file,
it gets stored (automatically) into recycle bin; therefore, if you mistakenly deleted some important
file, don’t panic, go to recycle bin and restore it. However, if you deleted file from recycle bin as
well, then it is very difficult to restore that permanently deleted file.

Internet Option
The option (i.e., short-cut key) of the Internet browser may be available on the main screen or at
the bottom menu bar (as shown in the image given below). However, if do not find it at both these
places, go to the menu, as all programs are listed there.

Basics of Computer Science - Multimedia

In this chapter, we will discuss how the Computer Multimedia works. If a system presents, some
information through more than two media, it is known as multimedia. For example, TV presents
audio and video; book presents text, image, and graphs, computer, etc.

The information presented through multimedia has better quality and capability, as it can be
understood easily.

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The advanced computer system is a great example of modern multimedia.

Literal Meaning of Multimedia

In this section, we will understand the literal meaning of multimedia.

• Multi − it means more than one

• Medium − it is singular and it means intermediary or mean

• Media − it is plural and it means conveying the information

Likewise, Multimedia is the field of Computer Science that integrates different forms of
information and represents in the form of audio, video, and animation along with the traditional
media, i.e., text, graphics/drawings, images, etc.

Multimedia Computer System

Multimedia computer system has high capacity to integrate different media including text, image,
graphics, audio, and video.

The multimedia computer system stores, represents, processes, manipulates, and makes
available to users.

Significant Features of Multimedia Computer System

Following are the major features multimedia computer system −

• Its Central Processing Unit (CPU) is very fast, as it needs to process large amount of data.

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• It has huge storage capacity.

• It has huge memory power that helps in running heavy data programs.

• It has high capacity graphic card that helps in displaying graphics, animation, video, etc.

• The sound system makes it easy to listen to audio.

• With all these features (discussed above), a computer system is known as high end
multimedia computer system.

• However, all the features listed above are not essentially required for every multimedia
computer system, but rather the features of a multimedia computer system are configured as
per the need of respective user.

Multimedia Components
Following are the major components of a multimedia computer system −

Text
It contains alphanumeric and some other special characters. Keyboard is usually used for input of
text; however, there are some internal (inbuilt) features to include such text.

Graphics
It is technology to generate, represent, process, manipulate, and display pictures. It is one of the
most important components of multimedia application. The development of graphics is supported
by a different software.

Animation
Computer animation is a modern technology, which helps in creating, developing, sequencing,
and displaying a set of images (technically known as ‘frames’). Animation gives visual effects or
motion very similar to that of a video file (see image given below).

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Audio
This technology records, synthesizes, and plays audio (sound). There are many learning courses
and different instructions that can be delivered through this medium appropriately.

Video
This technology records, synthesizes, and displays images (known as frames) in such sequences
(at a fixed speed) that makes the creation appear as moving; this is how we see a completely
developed video. In order to watch a video without any interruption, video device must display 25
to 30 frames/second.

Multimedia Application
Let us now see the different fields where multimedia is applied. The fields are described in brief
below −

Presentation
With the help of multimedia, presentation can be made effective.

E-books
Today, books are digitized and easily available on the Internet.

Digital Library
The need to be physically present at a library is no more necessary. Libraries can be accessed
from the Internet also. Digitization has helped libraries to come to this level of development.

E-learning
Today, most of the institutions (public as well as private both) are using such technology to
education people.

Movie making
Most of the special effects that we see in any movie, is only because of multimedia technology.

Video games
Video games are one of the most interesting creations of multimedia technology. Video games

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fascinate not only the children but adults too.

Animated films
Along with video games, animated film is another great source of entertainment for children.

Multimedia conferencing
People can arrange personal as well as business meetings online with the help of multimedia
conferencing technology.

E-shopping
Multimedia technology has created a virtual arena for the e-commerce.

Basics of Computer Science - Security

Advancement of computer technology has radically changed the world; resultantly, most of the
works whether it is matter of nation’s security system or buying a shoe online everything depends
on computer.

Such increased dependency also raises the issue of security, as most of the data is now stored in
the computer system.

Your computer systems store various sorts of data and hence if it is not secured, then you might

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be in for a big trouble.

Why Do We Computer Security?

Let us now see why do we need Computer security. It is required for the following major reasons
−

• To prevent damage of the hardware.

• To prevent theft or damage of the installed software.

• To prevent theft or damage of stored data and information.

• To prevent the disruption of service.

• Likewise, security system keeps the computer system safe by protecting the installed
software and the stored data (information).

Protection of Data and Information

Following are the important steps to protect data −

• Make backup of all your important files.

• Keep your system virus by using anti-virus software.
• Keep updating your computer system.
• Run disk defragmenter and disk cleanup on certain interval of time.
• Use a firewall.
• Use anti-spyware software.

Further, if you use internet, then you need to take greater precaution. Consider the following
points to understand the precautions that need to be taken −

• Do not click on any link that you don’t know (as it may be dangerous for your computer -
virus attack).

• Do not open unauthorized an unlawful website (it may damage your computer system).

• Do not download unsolicited data from unknown website.

What is Defragmentation?
Frequent saving and deleting of file (data) from the hard disk creates problems in performance
and also reduce the space; therefore, defragmentation again clean-up the drive and restore the
system to run smoothly.

Following are the simple steps of defragmentation −

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Disk Cleanup
While browsing websites (on internet), many of the files get stored in the hard disk automatically
(actually these stored files later help to reopen the website faster); besides some other cookies
also get stored in the hard disk. All these stored files create problem along with eating space.

So, disk cleanup process cleans all these files and releases the space occupied by these
unwanted files.

Following are the simple steps of disk cleanup −

Basics of Computer Science - Threat

Threat in a computer system is a possible danger that might put your data security on stake. The
damage is at times irreparable.

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Definition
As defined by the National Information Assurance Glossary −

• “Any circumstance or event with the potential to adversely impact an IS through

unauthorized access, destruction, disclosure, modification of data, and/or denial of service.”

• A computer threat can be "intentional" such as hacking or "accidental" such as

malfunctioning of or physical damage.

Types of Threat
Following are the most common types of computer threats −

• Physical damage − It includes fire, water, pollution, etc.

• Natural events − It includes climatic, earthquake, volcanic activity, etc.

• Loss of services − It includes electrical power, air conditioning, telecommunication, etc.

• Technical failures − It includes problems in equipment, software, capacity saturation, etc.

• Deliberate type − It includes spying, illegal processing of data, etc.

Some other threats include error in use, abuse of rights, denial of actions, eavesdropping, theft of
media, retrieval of discarded materials, etc.

Sources of Threat
The possible sources of a computer threat may be −

• Internal − It includes employees, partners, contractors (and vendors).

• External − It includes cyber-criminals (professional hackers), spies, non-professional

hackers, activists, malware (virus/worm/etc.), etc.

Common Terms
Following are the common terms frequently used to define computer threat −

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Virus Threats
A computer virus is a program designed to disrupt the normal functioning of the computer without
the permission of the user.

Spyware Threats
Spyware is a computer program that monitors user’s online activities or installs programs without
user’s consent for profit or theft of personal information.

Hackers
Hackers are programmers who put others on threats for their personal gain by breaking into
computer systems with the purpose to steal, change or destroy information.

Phishing Threats
It is an illegal activity through which phishers attempt to steal sensitive financial or personal data
by means of fraudulent email or instant messages.

How to Secure Your Computer System from Threats?

Following are the significant tips through which you can protect your system from different types
of threat −

• Install, use, and keep updated Anti-Virus in your system.

• Install, use, and keep updated a Firewall Program.
• Always take backups of your important Files and Folders.

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• Use Strong and Typical Passwords.

• Take precaution especially when Downloading and Installing Programs.
• Install, use, and keep updated a File Encryption Program.
• Take precaution especially when Reading Email with Attachments.
• Keep your Children aware of Internet threats and safe browsing.

Basics of Computer Science - Virus

A virus is a computer code or program, which is capable of affecting your computer data badly by
corrupting or destroying them.

Computer virus has the tendency to make its duplicate copies at a swift pace, and also spread it
across every folder and damage the data of your computer system.

A computer virus is actually a malicious software program or "malware" that, when infecting your
system, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code.

Infected computer programs may include data files, or even the "boot" sector of the hard drive.

Types of Virus
Following are the major types of computer virus −

Worms
This is a computer program that replicates itself at a swift pace. Unlike a computer virus, it is self-

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contained and hence does not need to be part of another program to propagate itself.

Trojan Horse
A Trojan Horse is also a sort of destructive program that remains disguised in a normal software
program. It is not exactly a virus, as it cannot replicate itself. However, there is possibility that
virus program may remain concealed in the Trojan Horse.

Bombs
It is similar to Trojan Horse, but Logic bombs have some specialty; these include a timing device
and hence it will go off only at a particular date and time.

How Does Virus Affect?

Let us discuss in what ways a virus can affect your computer system. The ways are mentioned
below −

• By downloading files from the Internet.

• During the removable of media or drives.
• Through pen drive.
• Through e-mail attachments.
• Through unpatched software & services.
• Through unprotected or poor administrator passwords.

Impact of Virus
Let us now see the impact of virus on your computer system −

• Disrupts the normal functionality of respective computer system.

• Disrupts system network use.
• Modifies configuration setting of the system.
• Destructs data.
• Disrupts computer network resources.
• Destructs of confidential data.

Virus Detection
The most fundamental method of detection of virus is to check the functionality of your computer
system; a virus affected computer does not take command properly.

However, if there is antivirus software in your computer system, then it can easily check
programs and files on a system for virus signatures.

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Virus Preventive Measures

Let us now see the different virus preventive measures. A computer system can be protected
from virus through the following −

• Installation of an effective antivirus software.

• Patching up the operating system.
• Patching up the client software.
• Putting highly secured Passwords.
• Use of Firewalls.

Most Effective Antivirus

Following are the most popular and effective antivirus from which you can choose one for your
personal computer −

• McAfee Antivirus Plus

• Symantec Norton Antivirus
• Avast Pro Antivirus
• Bitdefender Antivirus Plus
• Kaspersky Anti-Virus
• Avira Antivirus
• Webroot Secure Anywhere Antivirus
• Emsisoft Anti-Malware
• Quick Heal Antivirus
• ESET NOD32 Antivirus

Computer Science: Abbreviations

In this chapter, we will discuss the different abbreviations in Computer Science. The following
table lists down those abbreviations −

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Abbreviation Full-name

A/D Analog-to-Digital

ABC Atanasoff Berry Computer

ACM Association for Computing Machinery

AI Artificial Intelligence

ALGOL Algorithic Language

ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit

AMD Advanced Micro Devices

ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

BASIC Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

BCD Binary Coded Decimal

BIOS Basic Inpute Output System

BIPS Billions of Instructions Per Second

BPI Bytes Per Inch

CAD Computer Aided Design

CAE Computer Aided Engineering

CAN Campus Area Network

CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering

CD Compact Disk

CDC Control Data Corporation

CD-R CD-Recordable

CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory

CD-RW CD Read/Write

CL Command Language

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CLI Command Line Interface

COBOL Common Business Oriented

CODASYL Conference On Data Systems

CPU Central Processing Unit

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

D/A Digital-to-Analog

DAT Digital Audio Tape

DBMS Data Base Management System

DBS Demand Based Switching

DDL Data Definition Language

DDS Digital Data Storage

DEC Digital Equipment Corporation

DMA Direct Memory Access

DNA Digital Network Architecture

DPI Dots Per Inch

DRAM Dynamic RAM

DSN Distributed Systems Network

DTS Digital Theater System

DVD Digital Video/Versatile Disk

EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

EDVAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator

EFM Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation

ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator

EPG Electronic Programming Guide

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EPIC Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing

EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

FAT File Allocation Table

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

FEP Front End Processor

FLOPS Floating Point Operations Per Second

FM Frequency Modulation

FMS File Management System

FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation

FSK Frequency Shift Keying

FTP File Transfer Protocol

GB Giga Bytes

GFLOPS Giga FLOPS

GHz Giga Hertz

GNU Gnu Not Unix

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

GUI Graphical User Interface

HP Hewlett Packard

HSS Hierarchical Storage System

HTML HyperText Markup Language

HTTP HyperText Transport Protocol

IBM International Business Machine

IC Integrated Circuit

IDN Integrated Digital Networks

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IP Internet Protocol

IrDA Infrared Data Association

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISP Internet Service Provider

JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group

JRE Java Runtime Engine

JSP Java Server Pages

KB Kilo Bytes

KHz Kilo Hertz

LAN Local Area Network

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

LPM Line Per Minute

LSI Large Scael Integration

MAN Metropolitan Area Network

MAR Memory Address Register

MB Mega Bytes

MBR Memory Buffer Register

MHz Mega Hertz

MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface

MIPS Millions of Instructions Per Second

MNP Microcom Network Protocol

MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group

MS-DOS MicroSoft Disk Operating System

MVT Multiprogramming with Variable Tasks

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NIC Network Interface Card

NICNET National Informatics Center NETwork

NOS Network Operating System

OCR Optical Character Recognition

OMR Optical Mark Reader

OS Operating System

OSI Open System Interconnection

OSS Open Source Software

PAN Personal Area Network

PC Personal Computer

PDF Portable Document Format

PDL Program Design Language

PDP Program Data Processor

PIP Peripheral Interchange Program

PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory

QoS Quality of Service

RAM Random Access Memory

ROM Read Only Memory

SDLC Software Development Life Cycle

SEQUEL Structured English QUEry Language

SGML Syntax for Generalized Markup Language

SIMM Single In-line Memory Module

SNA Systems Network Architecture

SNOBOL StriNg Oriented and symBOlic Language

SQL Structured Query Language

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SRAM Static RAM

SSI Small Scale Integration

TB Tera Bytes

TCP Transport Control Protocol

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

UDP User Datagram Protocol

ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration

UPC Universal Product Code

URL Uniform Resource Locator

USB Universal Serial Bus

UTF Unicode Transformation Format

VAN Value Added Network

VCR Video Cassette Recorder

VDT Video Display Terminal

VGA Video Graphics Array

VOD Video-On-Demand

VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal

WAN Wide Area Network

WAP Wireless Application Protocol

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WLL Wireless Local Loop

WORM Write Once Read Many

WWW World Wide Web

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XHTML eXtensible HyperText Markup Language

XML eXtensible Markup Language

X.400 Electronic Mail Protocol

X.500 Directory Server Protocol

Computer Science: Development

In this chapter, we will discuss the development in Computer Science chronologically.

The following table lists down the development −

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Year Development

1959 Transistors: IBM 7090; IBM 1401

1962 NPN transistor

1963 Mouse; CMOS patented

1964 CDC 6600; IBM Data Cell Drive

1966 Integrated circuits: HP 2116A

1966 Apollo Guidance Computer

1969 Honeywell 316

1971 8" floppy disk; ILLIAC IV

1973 Micral first microprocessor PC

1980 Sinclair ZX80, Seagate hard disk drive

1981 IBM PC, Acorn BBC Micro

1983 Apple Lisa; 3.5" floppy

1984 Apple Mac; Apple Lisa 2

1988 Dell

1989 NeXT

1991 Apple Switches to PowerPC

1992 HP 95LX; Palmtop PC

1995 IBM Deep Blue chess computer

1996 USB 1.0

1997 Compaq buys Tandem; CD-RW

1998 iMac

2000 USB 2

2001 Apple iPod

2005 Mac Mini

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2006 Apple transition to Intel

2007 iPhone 1

2008 USB 3.0

2010 Apple iPad

2012 IBM zEnterprise System

Computer Science: Innovators

The following table illustrates the names of major innovators with their works and year −

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Person Achievement Period/Year

Pāṇini Pāṇini, the ancient Indian Sanskrit linguist, 5th Century BC (about)
grammarian, and honorable scholar had
systematized and mentioned the technical use of
metarules, transformations, and recursions, in his
book 'Ashtadhyayi.' It is considred as the
forerunner to the computer programming
language.

Al-Khwārizmī Al-Khwarizmi had the technique of performing 830 AD (about)

arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals
developed.

Al-Jazari Al-Jazari had invented the programmable 1206 AD (about)

machines, namely programmable humanoid
robots, and an astronomical clock, which is
considered as the first programmable analog
computer.

Ramon Llull Ramon Llull had designed multiple symbolic 1300 AD (about)
representations machines.

Blaise Pascal Pascal had invented the mechanical calculator. 1642 AD (about)

Gottfried Leibniz Leibniz had developed the first-order predicate 1670 AD (about)
calculus, which were very important for the
theoretical foundations of computer science.

Charles Babbage Babbage, who was popular as mathematician, 1822 AD (about)

philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer,
designed the Analytical Engine and developed a
prototype for a less powerful mechanical
calculator. Likewise, he originated the concept of
digital programmable computer. Babbage is
popular as “father of the computer”.

George Boole Boole conceptualized the Boolean algebra, which 1847 AD (about)
became the basis for digital logic and computer
science.

Gottlob Frege Frege developed the first-order predicate 1879 AD (about)

calculus, which later became a crucial precursor
requirement in developing the computation
theory.

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Herman Hollerith Hollerith invented the punched card evaluating 1889 AD (about)
machine and hence, he is popularly considered
as the father of modern machine data
processing.

Vannevar Bush Bush developed the Memex concept, which later 1930 AD (about)
led to the development of Hypertext.

Alonzo Church Church had developed the lambda calculus and 1936 AD (about)
found the un-decidability problem within it.

Stephen Cole Kleene Founded the computation theory. 1936 AD (about)

Claude Shannon Founded practical digital circuit design. 1937 AD

Konrad Zuse Built the first digital freely programmable 1938 AD

computer of Z series.

Tommy Flowers Designed and built the Mark Colossus 1943 AD

computers, the world's first programmable,
digital, electronic, and computing devices.

Max Newman Newman founded the Computing Machine 1943 AD

Laboratory at the University of Manchester. It
was the place where world's first stored-program
computer, the Manchester Small-Scale
Experimental Machine was invented.

John Mauchly & J. Designed and built the ENIAC, the first modern 1943 AD
Presper Ecker computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first
commercially available computer.

Yoshiro Nakamatsu Invented the first floppy disk at Tokyo Imperial 1950 AD
University.

David Caminer & John Developed the LEO computer i.e. the first 1951 AD
Pinkerton business computer

Sergei Alekseyevich Independently designed the first electronic 1951 AD

Lebedev computer in the Soviet Union (i.e. Ukraine).

Grace Hopper Hopper wrote the A-O compiler (a sort of 1952 AD

automatic programming language), which heavily
influenced the COBOL language.

Cuthbert Hurd Worked for the International Business Machines 1952 AD

Corporation and developed first general-purpose

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computer, the IBM 701.

Alan Perlis et al Developed the ALGOL programming language, 1952 AD

and the first recipient of the Turing Award.

Noam Chomsky Chomsky developed Chomsky hierarchy. He 1956 AD

made contributions to computer science with his
work in linguistics.

Douglas Engelbart and Best known for inventing the computer mouse. 1963 AD
Bill English

Tadashi Sasaki Sasaki was an engineer at Sharp company and 1963 AD

he conceived a single-chip microprocessor CPU.
He also developed LCD calculators at Sharp.

Dennis Ritchie and Pioneered the C programming language and the 1967 AD
Ken Thompson Unix computer operating system at Bell Labs.

Ken Thompson Thompson developed the Unix operating system, 1967 AD

the B programming language, Plan 9 operating
system, the first computer chess game and the
UTF-8 encoding at Bell Labs. Further, he
developed 'Go' programming language at
Google.

Adriaan van Wijngaarden developed the W-grammar first 1968 AD

Wijngaarden used in the definition of ALGOL 68

Masatoshi Shima Designed the Intel 4004, the first commercial 1968 AD
microprocessor.

Leslie Lamport Formulated algorithms to solve different 1974 AD

fundamental problems in distributed systems
(e.g. the bakery algorithm).

Vint Cerf and Bob Designed the Transmission Control Protocol and 1978 AD
Kahn Internet Protocol (TCP and IP), the primary data
communication protocols of the Internet and
other computer networks.

Tim Berners-Lee Invented worldwide web. 1989 AD

Tim Berners-Lee and Sent first HTTP communication between client 1989 AD
Robert Cailliau and server.

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Short-cut Keys
The following table shows the different short-cut keys frequently used while working on the
computer system −

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Function Short-cut keys

Commonly Used Short-cut Keys

F1 Universal help (for any sort of program).

Alt + F File menu options in current program.

Alt + E Edits options in current program.

Ctrl + A Selects all text.

Ctrl + X Cuts the selected item.

Ctrl + C Copies the selected item.

Ctrl + V Pastes copied item.

Home Takes the user to the beginning of the current line.

End Takes the user to the end of the current line.

Ctrl + Home Takes the user to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + End Takes the user to the end of the document.

Shift + Home Highlights from the current place to the beginning of line.

Shift + End Highlights from the current place to the end of line.

Microsoft Windows Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + F4 Closes window in program.

Alt + F4 Closes current open program.

F2 Renames the selected icon.

F3 Start find from desktop.

F4 Opens the drive selection when browsing.

F5 Refreshes contents.

Alt + Tab Switches from one open application to another open application.

Alt + Shift + Tab Switches backwards between open applications.

Alt + Print Screen Creates screen shot for current program.

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Ctrl + Alt + Del. Opens windows task manager/reboot.

Ctrl + Esc Brings up start menu.

Alt + Esc Switches between applications on taskbar.

Ctrl + Plus (+) Key Automatically adjusts widths of all columns in Windows Explorer.

Alt + Enter Opens properties window of selected icon or program.

Shift + F10 Simulates right-click on selected item.

Shift + Del Deletes selected programs/files permanently.

Holding Shift During Boot-up Enables boot safe mode or bypass system files.

Ctrl + N Starts a new note.

Ctrl + O Opens a recently used note.

Ctrl + S Saves changes to a note.

Ctrl + P Prints a note.

Alt + F4 Closes a note and its Journal window.

Ctrl + Z Helps Undo a change.

Ctrl + Y Helps Redo a change.

Ctrl + A Selects all items on a page.

Ctrl + X Cuts a selection.

Ctrl + C Copies a selection to the Clipboard.

Ctrl + V Pastes a selection from the Clipboard.

Esc Cancels a selection.

Ctrl + F Start a search tool.

Ctrl + Shift + C Display a shortcut menu for column headings in a note list.

Microsoft Word Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + N Creates a new document.

Ctrl + O Opens an existing document.

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Ctrl + S Saves changes to a document.

F12 Saves the document as a new file.

Ctrl + P Prints a document.

Ctrl + Z Helps Undo a change.

Ctrl + Y Helps Redo a change.

Ctrl + A Selects the whole document.

Ctrl + X Helps cut a selection

Ctrl + C Copies a selection to the Clipboard.

Ctrl + V Pastes a selection from the Clipboard.

Ctrl + B Makes selected text bold.

Ctrl + I Italicizes selected text.

Ctrl + U Underlines selected texts.

Ctrl + L Aligns text left.

Ctrl + R Aligns text right.

Ctrl + E Aligns text center.

Ctrl + J Helps justify text.

Ctrl + 1 Sets single line spacing.

Ctrl + 2 Sets double line spacing.

Ctrl + 5 Sets line spacing to 1.5.

Ctrl + Shift + A Changes characters to all capitals.

Ctrl + D Inserts a Microsoft Paint drawing.

Ctrl + F Finds text

Ctrl + Home Moves to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl + End Moves to the end of the document.

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