1.
Difference between Errors and Exceptions
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* Errors are issues in the code that typically prevent the program
from running (e.g., syntax errors).
* Exceptions are runtime issues that can be caught and handled
to avoid program crashes.
* In Python, both errors and exceptions are related to problems
that occur during the execution of a program,but they have
different meanings and usage.
Error:-
--------------------------------------------------------
* An error is a more general term for a problem that occurs in
your program.
* It typically refers to issues that arise from incorrect code
or unexpected conditions that can’t be easily handled.
* For example, a SyntaxError occurs
when the Python code is not written correctly
(e.g., missing a parenthesis or a colon).
Ex:- print("Hello World"
Exception:
------------------------
* An exception is a specific type of error that occurs during
runtime (while the program is running).
* It represents an abnormal condition or
event that can be caught and handled using a try-except block.
* Exceptions can be handled gracefully, allowing the program to
recover or give a meaningful message rather than crashing.
* Examples of exceptions include ZeroDivisionError,
FileNotFoundError, ValueError, etc.
Example for Exception Handling
—---------------------------------------------------
try:
print("code start")
# if error occur the it goes in except block
except:
print("an error occurs")
print(1 / 0)
# final code in finally block
finally:
print("welcome")
Output:-
—---------------------
code start
welcome
2) write any 4 python packages with examples
1. NumPy (Numerical Python)
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NumPy is a powerful package used for scientific computing.
It provides support for arrays, matrices, and many mathematical
functions.
Example:
---------
import numpy as np
# Create a NumPy array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
# Perform element-wise operations
arr_squared = arr ** 2
print(arr_squared)
Output:
[ 1 4 9 16 25]
NumPy is commonly used for operations involving arrays
and matrices, as well as mathematical functions like linear algebra,
random number generation, and more.
2. Pandas
--------------------------------------
Pandas is a package primarily used for data manipulation and
analysis.
It provides data structures like Series (1D) and DataFrame (2D)
that are ideal for handling structured data.
Example:
import pandas as pd
# Create a DataFrame
data = {
'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
'Age': [25, 30, 35],
'City': ['New York', 'Los Angeles', 'Chicago']
}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
# Print the DataFrame
print(df)
Output:
—---------------------------------
Name Age City
0 Alice 25 New York
1 Bob 30 Los Angeles
2 Charlie 35 Chicago
Pandas is excellent for handling tabular data, filtering,
aggregating, and performing operations on large datasets.
3. Matplotlib
-----------------------------
Matplotlib is a plotting library that provides
a wide range of tools for creating static, animated,
and interactive visualizations in Python.
Example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Create some data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
# Plot the data
plt.plot(x, y)
# Add labels and title
plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Square Numbers')
# Show the plot
plt.show()
Output:
A plot with x on the horizontal axis and y on the vertical axis,
showing a curve for the squares of the numbers.
Matplotlib is widely used for creating visualizations like line charts,
bar charts, histograms, and scatter plots.
Random
It is used to print random values between range
—----------------------------------------------
Example
—-----------------
Import random
random.randint(1,100)
