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ISC_Class11_ComputerScience_Data_Representation_Notes

Chapter 1 of the ISC Class 11 Computer Science textbook discusses data representation, focusing on how information is stored in binary format. It covers numeral systems, digital number systems, number conversions, binary representation, floating-point representation, and arithmetic operations in binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. Additionally, it explains character encoding systems like ASCII, ISCII, and Unicode.

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27 views

ISC_Class11_ComputerScience_Data_Representation_Notes

Chapter 1 of the ISC Class 11 Computer Science textbook discusses data representation, focusing on how information is stored in binary format. It covers numeral systems, digital number systems, number conversions, binary representation, floating-point representation, and arithmetic operations in binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. Additionally, it explains character encoding systems like ASCII, ISCII, and Unicode.

Uploaded by

kohlitamanna02
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1: Data Representation - ISC Class 11 Computer Science

1. Introduction

Data representation refers to the methods used internally to represent information stored in a computer.

Since computers operate in binary (only two states: ON and OFF or 1 and 0), all types of data such as text,

numbers, images, and sounds must be converted into binary format before a computer can process them.

2. Numeral Systems

Numeral systems are different ways to represent numbers. There are two main types:

- Positional number systems: These depend on the position of the digit. Examples include decimal, binary,

octal, and hexadecimal.

- Non-positional number systems: Here, digits have fixed values regardless of their position. An example is

Roman numerals.

3. Digital Number Systems

- Decimal (Base 10): Uses digits from 0 to 9. Its the number system we use daily.

- Binary (Base 2): Uses only 0 and 1. Computers use binary because it aligns with electronic circuit states

(OFF = 0, ON = 1).

- Octal (Base 8): Uses digits from 0 to 7. Its a shorter form to represent binary.

- Hexadecimal (Base 16): Uses digits from 0 to 9 and A to F (where A = 10, ..., F = 15). Used for memory

addressing.

4. Number Conversions

- Decimal to Binary: Divide the number by 2 and record remainders. Read from bottom to top.

- Binary to Decimal: Multiply each binary digit by 2 raised to the position's power.

- Octal to Binary: Convert each octal digit to its 3-bit binary equivalent.

- Binary to Octal: Group bits in 3s from right and convert each group to an octal digit.

- Decimal to Hex: Divide by 16 and reverse the remainders.

- Binary to Hex: Group bits in 4s from right and convert.

- Hex to Binary: Replace each hex digit with a 4-bit binary number.

5. Binary Representation of Numbers


Chapter 1: Data Representation - ISC Class 11 Computer Science

Unsigned Binary Numbers: Only represent positive numbers.

Signed Binary Numbers: Can represent positive and negative values using methods like:

- Sign-Magnitude: Leftmost bit is the sign bit.

- Ones Complement: Invert all bits.

- Twos Complement: Ones complement + 1. Most commonly used for negative representation.

6. Floating-Point Representation

Used for representing real numbers (with fractional part).

- Fixed-point: Limited range, decimal is fixed.

- Floating-point: Uses Mantissa × Base^Exponent.

- Normalized Form: Only one digit before the decimal point.

- IEEE Standard: Single Precision (32-bit) and Double Precision (64-bit).

7. Binary Arithmetic

- Addition: Same rules as decimal, but with binary logic.

- Subtraction: Using borrowing or complements.

- Multiplication: Similar to decimal, with shifting.

- Division: Like long division in decimal.

- Ones Complement: Flip all bits.

- Twos Complement: Add 1 to ones complement to get the negative number.

8. Octal Arithmetic

- Octal Addition: Add digits as usual; if sum 8, carry over.

- Octal Subtraction: Borrow from higher octal place.

9. Hexadecimal Arithmetic

- Hex Addition: A (10) + 5 = F (15), etc. Carry if sum 16.

- Hex Subtraction: Similar to decimal with borrowing.

10. Character Encoding Systems


Chapter 1: Data Representation - ISC Class 11 Computer Science

Characters are stored using encoding systems:

- ASCII: 7-bit encoding for English characters.

- ISCII: 8-bit encoding for Indian scripts.

- Unicode: Universal standard supporting over 1 lakh characters from multiple languages.

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