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X-SSc-GEOGRAPHY-Ch 1-Resources & Development

The document outlines key definitions and classifications of resources, including natural, human-made, and human resources, as well as sustainable development and resource planning. It provides important facts about India's land resources, soil types, and conservation methods, along with details on the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21. Additionally, it includes a classification of various soil types, their characteristics, regions found, and major crops grown.

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Anuroop Mishra
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25 views4 pages

X-SSc-GEOGRAPHY-Ch 1-Resources & Development

The document outlines key definitions and classifications of resources, including natural, human-made, and human resources, as well as sustainable development and resource planning. It provides important facts about India's land resources, soil types, and conservation methods, along with details on the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and Agenda 21. Additionally, it includes a classification of various soil types, their characteristics, regions found, and major crops grown.

Uploaded by

Anuroop Mishra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CRIMSON WORLD SCHOOL AGRA

CLASS X
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 1: Resources and Development – Important Definitions and Facts
Key Definitions
1. Resource:
Anything that can be used to satisfy human needs and is technologically accessible,
economically feasible, and culturally acceptable.
2. Natural Resources:
Resources that are obtained from nature (e.g., air, water, soil, minerals, forests).
3. Human-made Resources:
Resources that are created by humans by transforming natural resources (e.g., buildings,
machinery, roads).
4. Human Resources:
People with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to create and use resources effectively.
5. Sustainable Development:
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.
6. Resource Planning:
A technique or skill for proper utilization of resources by taking stock, evaluating, and planning
their development.

Classification of Resources
Based on Origin:
• Biotic – Living (e.g., forests, animals)
• Abiotic – Non-living (e.g., water, minerals)
Based on Exhaustibility:
• Renewable – Can be renewed (e.g., solar energy, forests)
• Non-renewable – Finite and exhaustible (e.g., coal, petroleum)
Based on Ownership:
• Individual – Owned by private individuals (e.g., land, plots)
• Community – Accessible to all (e.g., parks, burial grounds)
• National – Belonging to a nation (e.g., roads, railways)
• International – Managed by international institutions (e.g., oceanic resources beyond 200 km
EEZ)
Based on the Status of Development:
• Potential – Present in a region but not used (e.g., wind in Rajasthan)
• Developed – Fully utilized
• Stock – Present but not used due to lack of technology (e.g., water as hydrogen and oxygen)
• Reserves – Subset of stock that can be used with existing technology

Important Facts
• India's Land Resource:
Land is a natural resource of utmost importance and used for various purposes like
agriculture, forestry, industry, etc.
• Land Use Pattern in India:
o Net sown area: 45%
o Forests: 22-23%
o Barren & wasteland, pastures, and non-agricultural uses take up the rest.
• Land Degradation:
Causes include deforestation, overgrazing, over-irrigation, and mining.
• Soil as a Resource:
o Alluvial Soil: Fertile, found in Indo-Gangetic plains.
o Black Soil: Ideal for cotton, found in Deccan plateau.
o Red & Yellow Soil: Less fertile, found in parts of Orissa, Chhattisgarh.
o Laterite Soil: Found in areas of high rainfall.
o Arid Soil: Sandy, found in Rajasthan.
o Forest Soil: Found in hilly and mountainous regions.
• Soil Conservation Methods:
o Contour ploughing
o Terrace farming
o Strip cropping
o Shelter belts

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 – Key Facts


1. Full Name:
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
2. Location & Date:
Held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 3rd to 14th June, 1992
3. Participants:
Over 100 heads of states and representatives from 178 countries participated.
4. Purpose:
To discuss urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at
the global level.
5. Main Focus Areas:
o Global climate change
o Biodiversity conservation
o Deforestation
o Sustainable development
o Reducing poverty
6. Outcomes of the Summit:
o Adoption of Agenda 21
o Agreements on Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Forest Principles
o Promoted the idea of sustainable development
7. Important Concept Introduced:
The principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”, acknowledging that all nations
are responsible for environmental protection, but developed countries have a greater role
because they have historically caused more damage.
Agenda 21 – Key Points
1. What is it?
Agenda 21 is a comprehensive action plan adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992 to promote
sustainable development worldwide.
2. The '21' in Agenda 21:
Refers to the 21st century.
3. Scope:
o Global, national, and local levels
o Encourages governments to prepare their own local Agenda 21 strategies
4. Main Objectives:
o Combat environmental damage, poverty, and disease
o Promote sustainable development
o Encourage public participation in decision-making
5. Key Features:
o Not legally binding but highly influential
o Stresses the need for people to work together for environmental care and development
o Encourages both governments and citizens to take action

Classification of Soils
Soil Type Characteristics Regions Found Contents in Soil Major Crops
Grown
Alluvial - Very fertile - Northern plains (Punjab, - Rich in potash and Paddy, wheat,
Soil - Light to medium Haryana, UP, Bihar) lime sugarcane, maize,
texture - Deltas of Mahanadi, - Deficient in pulses, oilseeds
- Well-drained Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri nitrogen
- Rich in humus
Black Soil - Moisture-retentive - Deccan Plateau - Rich in calcium Cotton, soybean,
- Cracks in summer (Maharashtra, MP, Gujarat, carbonate, millets, oilseeds,
- Sticky when wet Andhra Pradesh, Tamil magnesium, potash, pulses
Nadu) lime
- Poor in phosphoric
content
Red and - Reddish due to iron - Parts of Orissa, - Rich in iron Millets, pulses,
Yellow - Porous and friable Chhattisgarh, southern - Deficient in groundnut, cotton,
Soil - Low water holding Karnataka, Jharkhand, NE nitrogen, potatoes
capacity Madhya Pradesh phosphorus, and
humus
Laterite - Formed in high - Western Ghats, Tamil - Rich in iron and Tea, coffee, cashew,
Soil rainfall areas Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, aluminium tapioca, rubber
- Poor in fertility Odisha, Assam - Deficient in
- Leached and acidic nitrogen and
organic matter
Arid Soil - Sandy and dry - Rajasthan, Gujarat, - Rich in soluble salts Barley, bajra,
- Low moisture western parts of Haryana - Lacks humus, pulses (with
- Saline in nature and Punjab moisture, nitrogen irrigation)
Forest Soil - Found in - Himalayan region, parts - Rich in organic Maize, wheat,
hilly/mountainous of North-East, Western matter, humus barley, tea, coffee,
areas Ghats - Varies in fertility spices (region-
- Texture varies with specific)
altitude

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