sheryians coding school

To truly understand this book by heart and make the most out of

every concept , watch the full video on our official Youtube

channel: Sheryians AI

This book is designed to work hand-in-hand with the visual

explanations and examples shown in the video.

made with in the Sheryians Coding School

Installation 01

Downloading Python

For downloading python go on any browser go to

python.org and download python for your operating
system
Now install it and you will get the python Virtual machine

which will convert the code to byte code.

Downloading IDE

IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment

You can write and run your code using python virtual
machine
But the Conventional way is to use a IDE there are many
IDE’s like VS code, Pycharm, Jupyter
But we will use VS code.

Setting up and creating first program

For setting up we have to go to VS code and in extensions

we have to install python and code runner
Lets move forward and create our first program and that
will not be hello world.

sheryians coding school

Comments and Variables 02

Comments in python
Comments are something that are ignored by the python
interpreter
We have to use # for writing a comment in python
Multiline comments are not available in python but we can
achieve it by using Doc String “”” Multiline ”””
Variables in python

In python Variables are used as a storage to store things in

python (we will see later what we have to store)
You can write anything as a variable name.

Eg. Name = “Akarsh”

Age = 12

Don’t use these

You can not use numbers at variable start
You can not use spaces in variables.
You should not use special characters in variables.

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Naming Conventions

You can write variables in python using 3 ways

Camel case - sheryiansSchool
Pascal case - SheryiansSchoo
Snake case - sheryians_school

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Data Types in python 03

What are Data Types

Data types are the things we store in Variables and it

defines what data type variables are.
Python has built-in data types for different kinds of data.

Numbers
Integer - All the numbers excluding decimal places and fraction.

Float - All the decimal numbers and fraction values are Float.

Complex - Numbers with real and imaginary parts are complex.

Strings
Strings - This is used to store anything in python, literally anything

that are available on your keyboard.

You have to use quotes to store anything and it will be

considered as string. You can use double Quotes (“”) or

single quotes (‘’) to store both works same.

Boolean
Boolean - Theres nothing much to say this is the data type which

will and always give the result of True and False.

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Strings and type conversion 04

How Strings work

You know what strings are but you must also know string
take more space than other data types like int, float etc
This happens because String stores every character with
their own Unicode
Unicode is a universal character encoding standard that
assigns a unique number (code point) to every character,
regardless of language
Like “A” unicode is 65 and “ ” this emoji unicode is 128522,
you can check them by using ord() function in python and
convert them back using chr() function.
String Indexing
You must have thought there are so many characters in a
string but can you access everyone.
Yes thats possible using indexing. Indexing starts from 0 and
goes till the number of characters you have.
eg - a = “Hello” print(a[0]) ==> output - “H
There is negative indexing as well and it starts from -1, but
the starting position is from the back of the string
eg - a = “Hello” print(a[-1]) ==> output - “o”

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String Slicing

You know how to access characters in string. But there are

slicing option as well.
Slicing means cutting out a slice from string and this is also
done using index values
eg - a = “hello” a[1:4:1] ==> output “ell
So here we have start , stop and steps position and keep a
note if we use stop at 4 it will slice till 3 only.

Type conversion

For understanding type conversion you have to look at these

4 things

int() float() str() bool()

There are more functions like this but these are 4 main
function, looking at these functions you can guess these are

used to convert one data type to another

eg a = 12

a = str(a)

print(a) ==> “12” (a will be converted to string)

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Type conversion types

There are 2 types of conversion Implicit and Explicit .

Implicit Explicit

In this we as a user use in build

In this python automatically

functions to convert one data

converts data from one data

type to another
type to another.
You have seen the example at

You have already seen the

previous page.

example before
int() -
Integer

eg - a = 12

float() -
Float

print(a/2)

complex() Complex

output - 6. -

str() String

Clearly we had the data type -

list() List

as int but after dividing python

-

tuple() Tuple

automatically converted the

-

set() Set

data type to float.

dict() -
Dictionary

bool() - Boolean

There are some explicit conversions that you might not

understand but further we will understand.

s h e r y i a n s c o d i n g s c h o o l
Type conversion concepts

Some important concepts of type conversions are you

cannot convert a character to a int() that basic watch the
video for more set of information
bool() converter turns everything to True and False but

which thing will be converted to true and which false. Lets

see.
There are truthy values and Falsy values, and there are only

7 falsy values that means only 7 things will be converted to

false rest True.

0.0

False

“”

[]

{}

All these values are falsy remaining will be converted to True.

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Input and output 05

Output

You probably know till now, how to provide the output of the
code you have written and that is with print() function
There is no other functions to provide the result on the
terminal we just have to use print() function
Now when providing the output we can use variables in print
statement using a formatted string as shown in the below
example.

Input
But the main question is how to ask user for some
information.
For example there is a user and you want to ask the age of
that user, how can you do so, it’s easy using input()
Now the default data type of input is always string reason is
simple you can store anything in string.
You have to manually convert the data type of input
statements.
Questions
**Important** watch full video for clear understanding
Accept numbers from a user
Accept age from the user and print it.

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Operators 05

What are operators

Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables

and values. Python has several types of operators for
different tasks like arithmetic, comparison, logical operations,
and more
Lets see every operators one by one.

Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators perform mathematical operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc
There are 7 types of arithmetic operator.
addition -

subtraction -

-
multiplication -

division -

Floor division -
/
-

modulus -

Exponentiation - *
Eg - a = 12

b = 8

print(a+b)

Output - 2
See the video for proper explanation.

sheryians coding school

Assignment operator

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Python also provides compound assignment operators that

perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,

etc

A basic assignment operator is simple =.

Compound assignment operator

Compound assignment operator combines arithmetic

operations with assignment

But first you have to understand how things work when we

reassign variables in python and also reassigning variables

with addition, subtraction etc

To understand watch the video carefully

Using compound assignment operators the reassigning

works better

+= Add and assig

-

-= Subtract and assig

-

*= -
Multiply and assign

/= -
Divide and assig
-

//= Floor divide and assig

-

%= modulus and assig

-

**= - Exponentiation and assign

s h e r y i a n s c o d i n g s c h o o l
Comparison operator

Comparison operators, also called relational operators, are

used to compare two values
Comparison operators will always provide Boolean result that
is True and False
comparison operators are as follow
== -
Equal t
!= -
Not Equal to
-

> -
Greater than
< -
Less than
>= -
Greater than or equal t
-

<= -
Less than or equal t

Comparison operators will work with numbers but you can

use them with strings as well.
Strings will be comparing the Ascii values of string.

Logical operators

Logical operators in Python are used to combine multiple

conditions and return a Boolean result (True or False)
There are 3 types of logical operator
and - Return True if both condition are Tru
or - Return True if at least one condition is True
not - Reverse the boolean value
**important** watch the full video for better understanding.

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Trivial Questions

Answer True and Fals

Print(126 > 130
print((456 == 456) != (235 == 236)
print(12 < 10 or 45 == 56 or 69 > 70 or 15 != 13
print(True and bool(0))

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 Conditional statements 06

Conditional statements
Conditional statements in Python allow decision-making by
executing different blocks of code based on conditions
Decision making can be understood with an example

eg - you will receive a number from the user if the number is

greater than 10 you will do task A and lower than 10 you

will do task B.

Number

Task A Task B

Here the situation is simple Number will decide which task

will be executed
That means now we will control the flow of our program
based on some conditions thats why these statements are
also known as control flow statement.

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Types of conditional statements

Generally there are 3 types of variation in conditional

statements
For syntax you have to watch the video for better
understanding

if - Executes if the condition is True

if-else - Executes if True, another if Fals
if-elif-else - Checks multiple condition in sequence.

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Some Questions on Conditional

The Great thing is you can use logical operators as well.

Q1. Accept two numbers and print the greatest between them.

Q2. Accept the gender from the user as char and print the

respective greeting message

Ex - Good Morning Sir (on the basis of gender)

Q3. Accept an integer and check whether it is an even number

or odd.

Q4. Accept name and age from the user. Check if the user is a

valid voter or not.

Ex- “hello shery you are a valid voter”

Q5. Accept a year and check if it a leap year or not (google to

find out what is a leap year)

If- elif ladder

You cna also create if elif ladder using multiple conditions of
elif.
For understanding solve this question
take the input of temperature in celsius
Below 0°C → "Freezing Cold
0°C to 10°C → "Very Cold
10°C to 20°C → "Cold
20°C to 30°C → "Pleasant
30°C to 40°C → "Hot
Above 40°C → "Very Hot "

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Loops 07

Loops in python

Loops in Python allow us to execute a block of code multiple

times without rewriting it

Ok lets do one thing go to your VS code and print “hello

world” 100 times

Manually printing will take 100 code lines to print it. but using

loops we need only 2 lines to print 100 times, thats the

power of loops.

Types of loops

There are 2 types of loops in python. For and While loop.

For understanding both types of loop we well see a great

example- you have a bucket filled with water and an empty

bucket with a mug.

s h e r y i a n s c o d i n g s c h o o l
 In scenario 1 you have to transfer 4 mugs of water from 1
bucket to another
In scenario 2 you have to transfer all the water from 1st
bucket to another via mug.

Intuition of loops
In first scenario you know the number of mugs to transfer
from one bucket to another.
Here you know how many numbers of iteration you have
to go through, like you have to transfer only 4 mugs.
So when you know the number of iterations you will use a
FOR loop.

In the second scenario, you don't know how many mugs you
need to transfer, but you do know the condition that
determines when to stop
So when you don’t know how many iteration you have to
use but you know a condition that determines when to
stop you will use WHILE loop.

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For loop 08

Range function

Before understanding for loops you should know how range

function works
The range() function is used to generate a sequence of
numbers, which is commonly used in loops
Syntax of range function is simple range(start, stop, steps)
you have 3 points from where you want to start, till where
you want to stop and how many steps you want
If you don’t mention start point the default value will be 0 .

if you don’t mention the steps the default steps will be 1.

you have to mention the stop point otherwise the range

function will not work.

Loops for numbers

For using loops with numbers you need the range function.
Best way to understand is going with an example
You have to print numbers from 1 - 5.

we will solve this question using for loop and range

function

So this is how you use a for loop. watch the full video for
clear understanding of syntax.

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Loops for strings
Loops for strings work slightly differently. You can iterate
through a string in two ways
Using index values
Iterating directly over the string

Iterating using the index values, Now we know that index

values are numbers and for numbers we again have to use
range function.

Here you iterated over the string using the index values for
better understanding watch the video

Second way is simpler we can directly iterate but using this

method will give you the direct access to the characters
instead of index values.

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Break continue else

Things written above are very important for loops

Lets say you have this race track

and you have to complete 20 laps

but when you were completing the

16th laps and it started raining now

you cannot complete the rounds

The above example simulate the example of your break

statement.

The break statement in Python is used to exit a loop

prematurely when a certain condition is met. Once break is

encountered, the loop stops immediately, and control moves

to the next statement after the loop

The Continue statement skips one of the iteration and rest of

the iterations will run for understanding lets say you will not

run the 16th lap but all other lap will be there.

You have seen the else statement used with if, but it can also

be used with loops. When else is used with a loop, it only

executes if the loop completes without encountering a break

statement. If break is executed, the else block will not run.

s h e r y i a n s c o d i n g s c h o o l
For Loop questions

Accept an integer and Print hello world n times

Print natural number up to n
Reverse for loop. Print n to 1
Take a number as input and print its table
Sum up to n terms
Factorial of a number
Print the sum of all even & odd numbers in a range
separately
Print all the factors of a number
Accept a number and check if it a perfect number or not.

A number whose sum of factors is equal to the number itself

Ex - 6 = 1, 2, 3 =
Check wether the number is prime or not

Reverse a string without using in build functions.

Check string is Pallindrome or not
Count all letters, digits, and special symbols from a given
string

Given: str1 = "P@#yn26at^&i5ve"

Expected Outcome:

Total counts of chars, digits, and symbols

Chars = 8

Digits = 3

Symbol = 4

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While loop 09

While loop

You have previously taken the information of loops and you

also know conditional statements it is going to be easy for
you to understand this now
The while loop repeats a block of code as long as a condition
is True. It is useful when the number of iterations is unknown
before execution

So there is not much that you have to understand about

while loop it also have break, continue and else.
Now you just have to find out which loop will be used on
what questions.

While loop questions

Separate each digit of a number and print it on the new line
Accept a number and print its reverse
Accept a number and check if it is a pallindromic number (If
number and its reverse are equal
Create a random number guessing game with python.

sheryians coding school

Functions 10

What are functions

Functions in Python group reusable code into a block that

can be executed by calling the function name. This helps
avoid repetition and makes programs modular and readable

There are many in-build functions in python like print(), input()

len() etc
But you can create your own function and they are called as
user defined functions. To make your own function you have
to use def keyword and then name the function. After this
you have to call the function using name() and paranthesis.

Functions parameters and arguments

First thing I want to talk about is parameters, parameters are
variables listed inside the function definition.

For making the function we have to accept inside the

parenthesis of the function.

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Arguments are the Values passed to a function when it is called
For example you can say you have created the parameters

that are working like variables then we can pass the values to

our variables using arguments

As you can see name is the parameter and Alice is the argument
that we passed to name. And you can pass N number of
parameters and arguments but they must be same like if you
have taken 3 parameters you have to provide 3 arguments
otherwise there will be error.
And another thing is first parameter, will always capture first
argument and so on. These arguments are called positional
argument.

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Types of Arguments

Now there are 3 types of argument that we can pass to

parameters. positional argument, default argument, keyword
argument, For understanding these we will first see examples

First example shows how positional arguments work

Second example shows hoe default argument works here if you
don’t pass any value still the function will run
Last example shows how keyword argument works using this
you can pass values in any order.

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Data Structures 11

In-build data structures

Data structures are used to store, organize, and manipulate

data efficiently. Python provides several built-in data
structures
And for storing multiple values we will again use variables
Now in python we have 4 types of in-build data structure
List, Tuple, Dictionary, Set.

Custom data structures

Now there are some custom data structures as well like

Stack, Queue, Linked List, Graph etc.
And around these data structures there are some algorithms
like searching algorithms, sorting algorithms.
And this is why the study is called data structures and
algorithm

Lets be clear this python notes are not for the DSA this will
cover all the in-build data structures.

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List 12

List Powers

Before starting we need to understand some of the

terminology.
Mutable - Mutability refers to whether an object's value
can be changed after creation. And List allows this
Duplicates - we know data structures are used to store
multiple values so duplicates means same value occuring
multiple time. List allows this
Ordered - List maintains ordered data structure maintains
the sequence of elements as they were inserted. This
means you can access elements using their position
(index)
Heterogenous - List have heterogenous nature that means
we can have multiple data types inside the list.

List Basics

First we have to know what is the syntax of list and how, to

create a list we have to use square brackets ([]).

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 Now list has Indexing and slicing and it is same as string if
you forgot how string indexing and slicing works watch the
video or revise the notes.
The changes we saw in string and list is about mutability, we
can’t change the values of string. but we can of list.

List Traversing and methods

Now list traversing is also similar to string traversing it can

be looped using the index values and directly
Now list has some methods that are used to do many, and
don’t worry if you are not sure what are methods, for now
just think they are like function, further we will see it clearly.

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 Now see some of the examples of the methods you will get
it what they are used for.

So these are some methods that are used in list .

Some Questions on List

Print positive and negative elements of an List

Mean of List elements
Find the greatest element and print its index too
Find the second greatest element
Check if List is sorted or not.

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Tuple 13

Tuple Powers

Before starting we need to understand some of the

terminology.
Immutable - Tuples are not mutable you cannot change
the values of tuple
Duplicates - You can have duplicate values in tuple there
are no restriction
Ordered - Set are ordered and you can access them
through index values
Heterogenous - Set also have heterogenous nature and
can have different types of data structure in tuple.

Tuple Traversing and methods

Tuples are traversed in the same manner as List are
traversed
But remember tuples are like strings you can’t change
anything once it’s made we can’t change them.
Well the use case is not much in question solving but still you
have to understand it
Methods of tuple are:

Yes there are only 2 methods of tuple one for finding the
index and other of counting the occurrences of an element.

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Set 14

Set Powers

Before starting we need to understand some of the

terminology.
mutable - Sets are mutable you can change the values of
set.
Duplicates - You cannot have any duplicate values in se
that means every element will be unique
Unordered - Sets are unordered and you cannot access
them through index values
Heterogenous - Set is semi-heterogenous it can store
some data types like string, numbers, tuples but not
everything

How Set stores value in python

Each value in a set is hashed using a hash function (hash() in
Python)
The hash is used as an index to store the element in memory
Since hashing does not maintain order, sets are unordered
Only immutable (hashable) objects can be stored in a set
(e.g., numbers, strings, tuples). Mutable objects like lists and
dictionaries are not allowed
See the video for more clear understanding.

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Set Traversing

A set cannot be traversed using the index values cause it is

unordered and has no index
So many times it will give random values. you can watch the
video for complete understanding.

Set methods
Now set methods are very powerful cause you don’t have
any indexing you cannot change the values but set is
mutable so we use methods for this
For adding and removing the elements you can use methods
as follows

Now these are some of the basic methods but sets also have
some special methods for performing some special
operations between 2 sets.

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So these are some other operations

of sets that can be performed

between 2 sets. And we also have

shortcuts for them

Ok so we have seen these operations and while watching

the video you have seen a ven diagram approach as well
there are more methods you are open to try them and see the
working
But at the end set is not used that much in python lets
continue.

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Dictionary 15

Dictionary Powers

Before starting we need to understand some of the

terminology.
mutable - Dictionaries are mutable, meaning you can
change, add, or remove key-value pairs after creation
Duplicates - Keys must be unique, but you can have
duplicates in values
Order - Dictionary follows insertion order
Heterogeneous – A dictionary can store different types of
keys and values, like integers, strings, lists, or even
another dictionary.

Dictionary syntax and working

Now we know we have to use key and value pairs to store
values in dictionary
And the keys in dictionary acts like index values that we use
in List

Again telling we can perform CRUD(create, read, update,

delete) operations on values but not all on keys cause the
keys cannot be changed after creation.

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Dictionary traversing

We can traverse both keys and values in dictionary, but

default loop is set on keys and you can access the values
because of keys.
So technically you can traverse on both keys and values at
the same time

Do see the video explanation for better understanding.

Dictionary methods
There are not many dictionary methods lets see the working
of some
as you all know we can use help(dict) for getting the
information of all the methods available.

Dictionary Questions
Write a Python script to merge two Python dictionaries
Write a Python program to sum all the values in a dictionary
Count the frequency of each element
Write a Python program to combine two dictionary by adding
values for common keys.

sheryians coding school

Exception Handling 16

Errors

Errors occur due to mistakes in the code that prevent it from

running. These can be syntax errors or logical errors

Syntax error

Now this above code will give the error of syntax

Indentation Error

You already know what is indentation and if you don’t

follow it you will get the error
There is one more tab error when you mix tabs and
spaces.
These errors cannot be handled. but what can be handled
are exceptions.

Exceptions

Exceptions are unexpected events or errors that occurs

during the execution of a program, which disrupts the normal
flow of the program.

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Exceptions

Exceptions are unexpected events or errors that occurs

during the execution of a program, which disrupts the normal
flow of the program

Now this is a ZeroDIvisionError and can be counted as

Exception and because of this exception the next line cannot
be executed
Like this there are many other exceptions just leave the three
errors we saw at start otherwise others are exceptions.
And the good part is we can handel them lets see how.

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Exception Handling

Keyword Purpose

try Wrap the block of code that might

cause an exception.

except Handle the exception if it occurs

else Run code only if no exception occurs

Run code no matter what, whether

finally there’s an exception or not

raise Manually throw an exception

So these are the keywords that we use and all these

keywords has their separate purpose as mentioned.
To see the code part see the video.

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File Handling 17

What are files

You all know what are files any name with an extension is
file
Now that extension can be .py , .txt , .mp3 etc. and when we
want to handle these files we will use file handling.

File handling
File handling means Creating, Reading, Updating,
Deleting(CRUD) operations that we can perform in files
Now lets see how to perform these operations in python.
We have to use open() function to open a file in python.

Now there are multiple modes to open the file.

Mode Description

‘r’ Read (default) – file must exist.

‘w’ Write – creates file or overwrites.

‘a’ Append – adds to end of file.

Create – creates a new file,

‘x’
fails if it exists

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What are files

You all know what are files any name with an extension is
file
Now that extension can be .py , .txt , .mp3 etc. and when we
want to handle these files we will use file handling.

File handling
File handling means Creating, Reading, Updating,
Deleting(CRUD) operations that we can perform in files
Now lets see how to perform these operations in python.
We have to use open() function to open a file in python.

Now there are multiple modes to open the file.

Mode Description

‘r’ Read (default) – file must exist.

‘w’ Write – creates file or overwrites.

‘a’ Append – adds to end of file.

Create – creates a new file,

‘x’
fails if it exists

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Syntax

This is the basic syntax through which we can open a text

file and the ‘r’ there represents read mode and there are
multiple modes like this as mentioned before. see the video
for other modes as well.
Now after working you have to close the file manually but for
this we have with keyword

Now Lets create a basic file handling project.

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OOPS in python 18

What is OOPS

For understanding oops first lets see what we were doing in

python for creating a program of addition we first use
imperative approach.

This approach is simple just use 2 variables and add them

one problem with this is you have to make 2 other variables
for adding 2 other numbers
Next approach is using functions to add 2 numbers this is
functional approach

Here the good thing is we can add multiple numbers without

using multiple variables.

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What is OOPS

And our next approach is object oriented programming

approach.

OOPS (Object-Oriented Programming System) is a

programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects",
which can contain data (attributes) and code (methods)
I know it is tough to understand right now but it will be easy
after learning there are many concepts that we have to learn
like classes, objects , Encapsulation, inheritance,
Polymorphism, etc. So lets start.

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Classes in OOPS 19

Classes

A class is like a blueprint or template for creating objects

Think of a class like the blueprint of a house. It defines what
the house should have (rooms, windows, etc.) but doesn’t
build the house. An object is the actual house built using that
blueprint.

Syntax of class

A class is also created with a basic keyword class and a name

in front of it

Creating a class is super simple now lets see what is inside

class. There are 2 types of things inside class Attributes and
Methods
Attributes - Variables defined inside the class are Attribute
Methods - Functions defined inside a class are Methods.

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Accessing attributes and methods

A class is initialised only one time when we first run the

program. and for accessing the attributes and methods we
have to first access the class and then attributes and
methods.

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Objects in OOPS 20

Objects

BAG

FACTORY

REQUIREMENT

Material Pockets
Zips

For understanding objects first look at this example you have

a bag factory and that factory requires material of the bag,
number of zips you need in that bag and number of pockets
you need in your bag.
So this is a kind of a blueprint and using this blueprint
Reebok, campus and some other companies provided
their requirements and created their bags
Thus these companies became objects who created their
bags using the blueprint.

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Object syntax

It is very easy to create an object you just have to call the

class inside a variable and that variable becomes an object.
The object has all the powers of a class therefore a class
object can access attributes and methods of a class.

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Constructor 21

What is constructor

You saw last example where we wanted material, zips and

pockets from the user to create an object.
If we talk about a function we can ask the user using
parameters, but in class we can’t have parameters for that
we use constructor.
A constructor is a method that runs automatically when we
call a class and this constructor function will target the
objects location

To target the objects location we use self keyword.

For clear understanding watch the video carefully. we will
create the bag factory and will create multiple objects where
self will target the specific locations of the objects.

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Attributes and Methods 22

Types of Attribute

Class attribute - A normal variable created inside a class is

is a class attribute and thats it.

Instance attribute - A attribute created using an instance like

self.name, self.age etc. It is known as

instance attribute.

Types of Methods

Instance Method -An instance method Works with instance

(object) of the class. This method can

access and modify instance attributes.

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Class Method - This method works with the class itself it will

not target the instance (object). we have to

use @classmethod decorator for creating the

class method and it takes cls as their first

parameter.

Static Method - This method doesn’t access class or instance

directly it also uses a decorator @staticmethod

it just acts like a regular function placed inside a

class.

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Inheritance 23

Inheritance

In general terms Inheritance means property or any possession

that comes to an heir

Property

But our python neither have an old man or a child then

inheritance works where ?
It works between classes
Inheritance allows a class (child class) to inherit properties and
behaviors (attributes and methods) from another class (parent
class)
Benefits of using inheritance is
Code reusabilit
Organized structur
Easy to maintain and extend

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Syntax of Inheritance

Syntax is very simple just like you take parameters in functions

here you will take parameters but those parameters will be
classes

Now the inherited class has all the powers of parent class that
means all the methods, attributes can be accessed by the
instance of child class as well.

Constructor in Inheritance

Lets say you have created a parent class with a constructor

function inside it and then this class is inherited by another class
then the constructor function of parent class will work for the
child class as well.

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 Now lets say you need a new parameter in your child class you
have to create a constructor function for your child class but the
parameters that can be initialized in the parent class will be
initialized using the super() function. Super function will target the
parent class.

Types of Inheritance
Single Inheritance
All the inheritance we saw above was single level.
Multiple Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance means there will be 2 parent classes and
only 1 child class and the child class will inherit all the
attributes and methods of both parents.
Note - The constructor function will be inherited of the first
class that has been Inherited. This is MRO(Method Resolution
Order) followed by python.

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Multilevel Inheritance
This is a basic case where we will have
grandparent class → parent class → child class
The attributes and methods are passed on through all the
classes.

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Polymorphism 24

Polymorphism

Polymorphism is a core concept in Object-Oriented Programming

(OOP). The word means "many forms" — and in programming, it
allows the same interface or method name to behave differently
depending on the object or context.

Types of Polymorphism

Polymorphism can be achieved in python in two ways well if we

talk about compile time languages there are 3 ways but python
does not support Method overloading
Method overloading means having same name methods inside a
class but parameters will be different but in python the latest
definition will overwrite the previous one

Method Overriding
This is where a child class overrides a method of the parent
class, and Python decides at runtime which method to call,
based on the object type.

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Duck Typin
Python follows the philosophy:

“If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a
duck.

In the speak() function, we don’t care if it's a Duck or a Human

— we only care that the object has a talk() method.

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encapsulation 25

Encapsulation

Encapsulation means putting data (variables) and code (functions)

together in one place — inside a class
It also means hiding the internal details of how things work, and
only showing what is needed
It keeps data safe from being changed by mistake
It makes your code clean and easy to use
It gives control over what others can access or change.

Access modifiers in python

Access modifiers means how we give access of our attributes

and methods to the object or inherited classes. There are 3 types
lets see them one by one.
Public Attributes and Methods.
Till now every attribute and methods we have created are
public means the inherited classes and objects can access
them no matter what

protected Attributes and Methods.

python protected members are created using a single
underscore but it still can be accessed from outside the
class so you might wonder whats the point of using them
Python doesn’t enforce protected access like other
languages (e.g., Java or C++). But it uses a naming
convention to tell developers

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Private Attributes and Method
A private variable or method means
It cannot be accessed from outside the class — only from
inside the class where it is defined
In Python, we use two underscores (__) before the name to
make it private.

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Abstraction 26

Abstraction

Abstraction does not exist in python but we can achieve it using a

library we will see what is a library later.
Abstraction is used to simplifying complex systems by focusing
on essential features and hiding unnecessary details
It is used to define a common interface for different subclasses.

Abstract classes and methods

Abstract classes are classes that contains one or more abstract

methods
A method that is defined but not implemented in the abstract
class. subclasses must provide the implementation.

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Dunder methods 27

What are Dunder methods

Dunder methods are special methods in Python that start and

end with double underscores, like __init__, __str__, __add__, etc
They automatically get called when you perform certain actions
on an object
They help you
Customize behavior of your clas
Make your class objects behave like built-in data types (like
strings, lists, etc.

Now there are various dunder method see the video for some
examples.
Now lets create a Bank management project using Oops in
python.

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Advance Questions 28

Advance questions

This portion is only completed in video and here you will only see
the Question so please watch the video to complete it.
And you are good to go If you have completed till now but this
section is for those who wants advance question solving skills
Some patterns first.
Right angle triangle with stars.
mirrored right angle triangle with stars.
A triangle with stars.
A diamond with stars
Question 1 - Strong number.
Question 2 - Prime numbers in a Range.
Question 3 - Find which element occurred most in a List

Ok after completing this you must also know what Leetcode is

and how to solve question on this platform.

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Advance stuff 28

Decorator

A decorator is just a function that modifies another function

without changing its actual code.
Imagine you have a cake (your function). A decorator is like
putting icing on the cake. It doesn’t change the cake itself, but
makes it better, prettier, or adds some new flavor
For creating a decorator you first have to create a decorator
functions and then inside that we will create a wrapper.
Its tough to understand with text see the video

For making the decorator with Arguments it is tough for this we

will move towards our next advance stuff *args , **kwargs.

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Args and Kwargs

They’re special keywords in Python used in function definitions to

accept a flexible number of arguments
Now you always don’t have to use Args and Kwargs the main
thing is * , ** you can use any names in front of them.
so *args are used for multiple positional arguments, and **kwargs
are used for multiple key word arguments.
And the *args becomes a tuple and **kwargs becomes a
dictionary
The use case is grea
You don’t need to know how many inputs you'll get
Helps in building flexible functions, decorators, APIs, and
more.

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List, Dictionary and set comphrehension

All of these Comprehensions are used to create List, Dictionary

and set. But you don’t have to use multiple lines of code for loops
and If-Else statements.

Lambda functions

A lambda function is an anonymous, inline function defined using

the lambda keyword
It's often used for short, simple functions that are used only once
or temporarily
You can have multiple arguments but there will be only one
expression.

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 Lets see a basic example:

The argument 4 is passed in x. you can also have multiple

arguments and you can also include If - Else expressions

Map filter and zip

Map is used for applying a function to multiple items.

Takes a list (or any sequence
Applies the same function to every item in that lis
Gives you back a new list (in Python 3, it gives a map object
which you can convert to a list

Use map() when you want to transform every item in a list

It doesn’t remove or skip items (that’s what filter() does)
You can use it with lambda or normal functions.

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 Filter as the name suggest is used to filter out the stuff.
Takes a list (or other sequence
Checks each item using a function (a test
Keeps only the items that pass the test (i.e., return True)

Modules and packages

Module is just a single file containing code and we can use this
file code in other file
A single Python file (.py
Contains functions, variables, or classe
Used to organize and reuse code
Python comes with lots of ready-to-use modules like
math (for math operations
random (for generating random numbers
datetime (for date and time)

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A package is a folder that contains one or more modules (Python
files). It may also contain sub-packages
and you just have to use from and import keywords to use these
things. You understood how these things work.
There are third party packages as well like numpy, pandas,
matplotlib etc. and we have to install all of these
"And yes, we’ll be learning all of these and much more on this
channel. I, Akarsh Vyas, as a creator and representative of
Sheryians AI, would like to sincerely thank each and every one of
you who stayed with us till the end. You are truly precious to us.
Much love to all of you!"

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