Keyword Description

break Breaks out of a loop or a switch block

case Marks a block of code in switch statements

char A data type that can store a single character

const Defines a variable or parameter as a constant (unchangeable)

continue Continues to the next iteration of a loop

default Specifies the default block of code in a switch statement

do Used together with while to create a do/while loop

double A data type that is usually 64 bits long which can store fractional numbers

else Used in conditional statements

enum Declares an enumerated type

float A data type that is usually 32 bits long which can store fractional numbers

for Creates a for loop

goto Jumps to a line of code specified by a label

if Makes a conditional statement

int A data type that is usually 32 bits long which can store whole numbers

long Ensures that an integer is at least 32 bits long (use long long to ensure 64 bits)

return Used to return a value from a function

short Reduces the size of an integer to 16 bits

 signed Specifies that an int or char can represent both positive and negative values (for int this is t
keyword is not usually necessary)

sizeof An operator that returns the amount of memory occupied by a variable or data type

static Specifies that a variable in a function keeps its value after the function ends

struct Defines a structure

switch Selects one of many code blocks to be executed

typedef Defines a custom data type

unsigned Specifies that an int or char should only represent positive values which allows for storing n
as large

void Indicates a function that does not return a value or specifies a pointer to a data with an uns

while Creates a while loop

C stdio Functions

The <stdio.h> header provides a variety of functions for input, output and file handling.

A list of all stdio functions can be found in the table below:

Function Description

fclose() Closes a file

feof() Returns a true value when the position indicator has reached the end of the file

ferror() Returns a true value if a recent file operation had an error

fgetc() Returns the ASCII value of a character in a file and advances the position indicator
fgets() Reads a line from a file and advances the position indicator

fopen() Opens a file and returns a file pointer for use in file handling functions

fprintf() Writes a formatted string into a file

fputc() Writes a character into a file and advances the position indicator

fputs() Writes a string into a file and advances the position indicator

fread() Reads data from a file and writes it into a block of memory

fscanf() Reads formatted data from a file and writes it into a number of memory locations

fseek() Moves the position indicator of a file pointer

ftell() Returns the value of the position indicator of a file pointer

fwrite() Writes data from a block of memory into a file

getc() The same as fgetc()

getchar() Reads one character of user input and returns its ASCII value

printf() Writes a formatted string to the console

putc() The same as fputc()

putchar() Outputs a single character to the console

puts() Outputs a string to the console

remove() Deletes a file

rename() Changes the name of a file

rewind() Moves the position indicator to the beginning of the file

 scanf() Reads formatted data from user input and writes it into a number of memory locations

snprintf() Writes a formatted string into a char array (memory-safe)

sprintf() Writes a formatted string into a char array

sscanf() Reads a formatted string from a char array and writes it into a number of memory locations

C stdlib Functions

The <stdlib.h> header (standard library) provides a variety of commonly used functions.

Function Description

abs() Return the absolute (positive) value of a whole number

atof() Return a double value from a string representation of a number

atoi() Return an int value from a string representation of a whole number

atol() Return a long int value from a string representation of a whole number

atoll() Return a long long int value from a string representation of a whole number

calloc() Allocate dynamic memory and fill it with zeroes

div() Return the quotient and remainder of an integer division

exit() End the program

free() Deallocate dynamic memory

malloc() Allocate dynamic memory

qsort() Sort the contents of an array

 rand() Generate a random integer

realloc() Reallocate dynamic memory

srand() Initialize the random number generator

C string (string.h) Library

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C string Functions

The <string.h> library has many functions that allow you to perform tasks on strings.

A list of all string functions can be found in the table below:

Function Description

memchr() Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a value in a block of memory

memcmp() Compares two blocks of memory to determine which one represents a larger numeric value

memcpy() Copies data from one block of memory to another

memmove() Copies data from one block of memory to another accounting for the possibility that the blo
overlap

memset() Sets all of the bytes in a block of memory to the same value

strcat() Appends one string to the end of another

strchr() Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a character in a string

strcmp() Compares the ASCII values of characters in two strings to determine which string has a highe

strcoll() Compares the locale-based values of characters in two strings to determine which string has
 strcpy() Copies the characters of a string into the memory of another string

strcspn() Returns the length of a string up to the first occurrence of one of the specified characters

strerror() Returns a string describing the meaning of an error code

strlen() Return the length of a string

strncat() Appends a number of characters from a string to the end of another string

strncmp() Compares the ASCII values of a specified number of characters in two strings to determine w
higher value

strncpy() Copies a number of characters from one string into the memory of another string

strpbrk() Returns a pointer to the first position in a string which contains one of the specified characte

strrchr() Returns a pointer to the last occurrence of a character in a string

strspn() Returns the length of a string up to the first character which is not one of the specified chara

strstr() Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of a string in another string

strtok() Splits a string into pieces using delimiters

strxfrm() Convert characters in a string from ASCII encoding to the encoding of the current locale

C math (math.h) Library

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C Math Functions

The <math.h> library has many functions that allow you to perform mathematical tasks on numbers.
Function Description

acos(x) Returns the arccosine of x, in radians

acosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic arccosine of x

asin(x) Returns the arcsine of x, in radians

asinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic arcsine of x

atan(x) Returns the arctangent of x as a numeric value between -PI/2 and PI/2 radians

atan2(y, x) Returns the angle theta from the conversion of rectangular coordinates (x, y) to polar coordin

atanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic arctangent of x

cbrt(x) Returns the cube root of x

ceil(x) Returns the value of x rounded up to its nearest integer

copysign(x, y) Returns the first floating point x with the sign of the second floating point y

cos(x) Returns the cosine of x (x is in radians)

cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x

exp(x) Returns the value of Ex

exp2(x) Returns the value of 2x

expm1(x) Returns ex-1

erf(x) Returns the value of the error function at x

erfc(x) Returns the value of the complementary error function at x

fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x

fdim(x) Returns the positive difference between x and y

floor(x) Returns the value of x rounded down to its nearest integer

fma(x, y, z) Returns x*y+z without losing precision

fmax(x, y) Returns the highest value of a floating x and y

fmin(x, y) Returns the lowest value of a floating x and y

fmod(x, y) Returns the floating point remainder of x/y

frexp(x, y) With x expressed as m*2n, returns the value of m (a value between 0.5 and 1.0) and writes th
memory at the pointer y

hypot(x, y) Returns sqrt(x2 +y2) without intermediate overflow or underflow

ilogb(x) Returns the integer part of the floating-point base logarithm of x

ldexp(x, y) Returns x*2y

lgamma(x) Returns the logarithm of the absolute value of the gamma function at x

llrint(x) Rounds x to a nearby integer and returns the result as a long long integer

llround(x) Rounds x to the nearest integer and returns the result as a long long integer

log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x

log10(x) Returns the base 10 logarithm of x

log1p(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x+1

log2(x) Returns the base 2 logarithm of the absolute value of x

logb(x) Returns the floating-point base logarithm of the absolute value of x

lrint(x) Rounds x to a nearby integer and returns the result as a long integer

lround(x) Rounds x to the nearest integer and returns the result as a long integer

modf(x, y) Returns the decimal part of x and writes the integer part to the memory at the pointer y

nan(s) Returns a NaN (Not a Number) value

nearbyint(x) Returns x rounded to a nearby integer

nextafter(x, y) Returns the closest floating point number to x in the direction of y

nexttoward(x, y) Returns the closest floating point number to x in the direction of y

pow(x, y) Returns the value of x to the power of y

remainder(x, y) Return the remainder of x/y rounded to the nearest integer

remquo(x, y, z) Calculates x/y rounded to the nearest integer, writes the result to the memory at the pointer
remainder.

rint(x) Returns x rounded to a nearby integer

round(x) Returns x rounded to the nearest integer

scalbln(x, y) Returns x*Ry (R is usually 2)

scalbn(x, y) Returns x*Ry (R is usually 2)

sin(x) Returns the sine of x (x is in radians)

sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x

sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x

 tan(x) Returns the tangent of x (x is in radians)

tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x

tgamma(x) Returns the value of the gamma function at x

trunc(x) Returns the integer part of x

C ctype (ctype.h) Library

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C ctype Functions

The <ctype.h> header provides many functions for classifying and modifying characters.

Function Description

isalnum() Checks whether a character is alphanumeric

isalpha() Checks whether a character is a letter

isblank() Checks whether a character is a space or tab

iscntrl() Checks whether a character is a control character

isdigit() Checks whether a character is a decimal digit

isgraph() Checks whether a character has a graphical representation

islower() Checks whether a character is a lowercase letter

isprint() Checks whether a character is a printable character

ispunct() Checks whether a character is a punctuation character

isspace() Checks whether a character is a whitespace character

isupper() Checks whether a character is an uppercase letter

isxdigit() Checks whether a character is a hexadecimal digit

tolower() Returns a lowercase version of a character

toupper() Returns an uppercase version of a character