1. What are JVM, JRE, and JDK? Explain their roles in Java programming.
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine):
It provides a runtime environment to execute Java programs. It converts bytecode into
machine-specific code and ensures platform independence.
Role: Responsible for interpreting or compiling the bytecode and managing runtime
operations like garbage collection.
• JRE (Java Runtime Environment):
It is a software package that provides the libraries and JVM required to run Java
applications.
Role: Contains JVM and class libraries but cannot compile Java programs.
• JDK (Java Development Kit):
It is a development environment containing tools like a compiler (javac), JRE, and
debugging tools.
Role: Used for developing, compiling, and running Java programs.
2. Explain the features of Java that make it platform-independent. Or Define
bytecode and its significance in Java.
• Platform Independence in Java:
Java programs are compiled into bytecode, which is a platform-neutral intermediate
code. Bytecode is interpreted by the JVM, which converts it into machine code for the
underlying platform.
This allows Java to run on any system with a JVM, making it platform-independent.
• Significance of Bytecode:
o Acts as a universal code that can be executed on any platform.
o Reduces dependency on the hardware or operating system.
o Improves program security as the code runs within the JVM.
3. Write a simple Java program to add two numbers using user input.
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import java.util.Scanner; // Importing Scanner class
public class AddTwoNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
int num1 = scanner.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter second number: ");
int num2 = scanner.nextInt();
int sum = num1 + num2; // Adding the numbers
System.out.println("The sum is: " + sum);
}
}
4. Discuss the concept of object-oriented programming and its principles with
examples.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm based on the concept of
objects containing data (fields) and methods.
Principles of OOP:
1. Encapsulation: Wrapping data and methods into a single unit (class).
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class Person {
private String name; // Encapsulation
public String getName() { return name; }
public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
}
2. Inheritance: Allows one class to inherit properties of another.
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class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("This animal eats food."); }
}
class Dog extends Animal {
void bark() { System.out.println("This dog barks."); }
}
3. Polymorphism: Enables methods to behave differently based on the object.
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class Animal { void sound() { System.out.println("Animal makes a
sound."); } }
class Dog extends Animal { void sound() { System.out.println("Dog
barks."); } }
4. Abstraction: Hides unnecessary details and shows only essential features.
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abstract class Shape {
abstract void draw();
}
class Circle extends Shape {
void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a circle."); }
}
5. What are the different control statements in Java? Give examples of each.
Control statements in Java manage the flow of program execution.
1. Conditional Statements:
o if-else: Executes code based on a condition.
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if (x > 0) { System.out.println("Positive"); } else {
System.out.println("Negative"); }
2. Switch Statement:
o Executes one block of code among many options.
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switch (day) { case 1: System.out.println("Monday"); break; }
3. Looping Statements:
o for: Iterates a block of code a fixed number of times.
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for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { System.out.println(i); }
o while: Iterates based on a condition.
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while (x > 0) { x--; }
o do-while: Executes at least once before checking the condition.
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do { x--; } while (x > 0);
4. Jump Statements:
o break: Exits a loop or switch.
o continue: Skips the current iteration.
6. Explain the use of the “switch” statement in Java with a sample program.
Switch Statement: It evaluates an expression and executes the matching case block. If no
match is found, the default block is executed.
Example Program:
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public class SwitchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int day = 3;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid day");
}
}
}
Output:
Wednesday
