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React.js Interview
Questions & Answers
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Fundamental React
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Concepts
#1. What is React.js?
React is a JavaScript library created by Facebook for building
user interfaces, particularly single-page applications. It allows
developers to create reusable UI components.
#2. What are the key features of React?
Virtual DOM for better performance
Component-based architecture
Unidirectional data flow
JSX syntax
React Native for mobile development
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#3. Explain the difference between state and props.
Props (short for properties) are passed from parent to child
components, are immutable, and cannot be modified by the
component receiving them.
State is managed within the component, can
be changed using setState(), and triggers re-rendering
when modified.
Advanced React Concepts
#4. What are React Hooks?
Hooks are functions that let you "hook into" React state and
lifecycle features from function components. They were introduced
in React 16.8 to allow using state and other React features without
writing a class.
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#5. Explain useEffect() and its common use cases.
useEffect() lets you perform side effects in function components.
It serves the same purpose as componentDidMount,
componentDidUpdate, and componentWillUnmount in
class components. Common use cases include data fetching,
subscriptions, and DOM manipulations.
#6. What is the Context API?
Context provides a way to pass data through the component tree
without having to pass props down manually at every level. It's
designed to share data that can be considered "global" for a tree
of React components.
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Performance Optimization
#7. How can you optimize performance in React
applications?
Use React.memo for component memoization
Implement shouldComponentUpdate or
React.PureComponent
Use the useCallback and useMemo hooks
Virtualize long lists with react-window or react-virtualized
Code-splitting with React.lazy and Suspense
#8. What is React Fiber?
React Fiber is the new reconciliation algorithm in React 16. It's main
goal is to enable incremental rendering of the virtual DOM, which
allows React to break rendering work into chunks and spread it out
over multiple frames.
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State Management
#9. Compare Redux, Context API, and MobX for state
management
Redux: Centralized state management with a single store, actions, and
reducers. Good for complex applications.
Context API: Built-in React solution for passing data through
component tree without props drilling. Simpler than Redux but less
powerful for complex state.
MobX: Uses observable data structures that automatically track
changes. More flexible and less boilerplate than Redux.
#10. What are the principles of Redux?
Single source of truth (one store)
State is read-only (can only be changed by dispatching actions)
Changes are made with pure functions (reducers)
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Error Handling & Testing
#11. How do you handle errors in React?
React 19+ provides Error Boundaries - components that catch
JavaScript errors in their child component tree, log those
errors, and display a fallback UI.
#12. What testing libraries do you use with React?
Cypress: A fast and reliable tool for testing the whole application in
a real browser.
React Testing Library: Testing utilities focused on testing
components as users would use them
Playwright: A powerful E2E testing library that supports multiple
browsers and mobile testing.
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Real-world Scenarios 8/11
#13. How would you implement authentication in a
React application?
Using JWT tokens stored in localStorage/cookies, protected routes
with React Router, and context/Redux for managing auth state
across the application.
#14. How do you handle API calls in React?
Using useEffect hook with async/await functions, or libraries like axios
or fetch API. For more complex scenarios, using React Query, SWR,
or Redux Thunk/Saga.
#15. What's your approach to responsive design in React?
Using CSS frameworks like Tailwind or Bootstrap, CSS modules,
styled-components with media queries, or responsive libraries
like react-responsive.
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Latest React Features 9/11
#16. What is React Server Components?
A new feature that allows components to be rendered on the server,
reducing bundle size and improving performance by keeping
some logic on the server.
#17. What is Concurrent Mode in React?
A set of features that help React apps stay responsive and
gracefully adjust to the user's device capabilities and network speed.
#18. What is the Suspense component in React?
Suspense lets your components "wait" for something before rendering,
like data fetching or code-splitting, and displays a fallback U
I during the waiting period.
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Closing Questions
#19. What are some common mistakes React
developers make?
Not using keys properly in lists
Modifying state directly
Using indexes as keys
Creating functions inside render
Not understanding the async nature of setState
#20. How do you stay updated with React's ecosystem?
Following the official React blog, Twitter accounts of
React team members, attending conferences,
participating in React communities, and exploring
GitHub repositories.
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