Complete SQL Query Guide
1. SELECT Query
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
2. INSERT Query
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
3. UPDATE Query
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
4. DELETE Query
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
5. CREATE TABLE Query
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
...);
6. ALTER TABLE Query
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;
7. DROP TABLE Query
DROP TABLE table_name;
8. JOIN Query
SELECT columns
FROM table1
JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;
9. GROUP BY Query
SELECT column1, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1;
10. HAVING Query
SELECT column1, COUNT(*)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;
11. ORDER BY Query
SELECT column1, column2
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 DESC;
12. DISTINCT Query
SELECT DISTINCT column1
FROM table_name;
13. UNION Query
SELECT column1 FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column1 FROM table2;
14. WHERE Clause
SELECT column1
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 = value;
15. LIKE Clause
SELECT column1
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 LIKE 'A%';
16. IN Clause
SELECT column1
FROM table_name
WHERE column1 IN (value1, value2, ...);
17. Views
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
18. Normalization
Normalization involves organizing data to reduce redundancy and ensure data integrity.
- 1NF: Atomic values
- 2NF: Remove partial dependency
- 3NF: Remove transitive dependency
19. Denormalization
Denormalization is the process of adding redundancy back into a database to improve read
performance at the cost of some data integrity.
Example: Combine multiple tables into one to avoid joins for frequently queried data.
20. SQL Optimization
Optimization involves improving query performance by using techniques like:
- Use indexes
- Avoid SELECT *
- Optimize joins
- Limit the result set
- Use EXISTS instead of IN
- Avoid complex subqueries