Python Cheat Sheet: Strings & OOPs (With Explanations)
PYTHON STRINGS AND OOPS CHEAT SHEET (WITH EXPLANATIONS)
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SECTION 1: STRINGS IN PYTHON
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1. String Basics:
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s = "hello world"
- Strings are sequences of characters.
- You can index them with s[0], slice with s[start:end], and use negative indexing.
2. len(s)
- Returns the number of characters in the string.
Example:
len("abc") -> 3
3. String Slicing:
s[0:5] -> 'hello'
- Returns a portion of the string from index 0 to 4.
4. Reversing a string:
s[::-1]
- Step -1 reverses the string.
5. String Methods:
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- s.upper() - Converts to uppercase.
- s.lower() - Converts to lowercase.
- s.title() - Capitalizes each word.
- s.strip() - Removes leading/trailing spaces.
- s.find(sub) - Returns index of first occurrence.
- s.replace("a", "b") - Replaces all 'a' with 'b'.
6. String Testing Methods:
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- s.isalpha(): True if all characters are alphabets.
- s.isdigit(): True if all characters are digits.
- s.isalnum(): True if alphanumeric.
- s.isspace(): True if all characters are spaces.
7. Splitting and Joining:
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s.split(" ") -> Splits by spaces.
" ".join(["A", "B"]) -> 'A B'
- Used for converting between list of words and string.
8. String Formatting:
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name = "Alice"
f"Hello, {name}!" -> 'Hello, Alice!'
- f-strings allow inline variable usage.
- "{} {}".format("A", "B") also works.
9. Count characters:
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from collections import Counter
Counter("banana") -> {'a': 3, 'n': 2, 'b': 1}
10. Palindrome Check:
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s == s[::-1] checks if the string is the same forward and backward.
11. Length of number:
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len(str(12345)) -> 5
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SECTION 2: OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOP)
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1. Class and Object:
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class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def greet(self):
print("Hi, I'm", self.name)
- Class is a blueprint. Object is an instance.
- __init__ is the constructor.
2. Inheritance:
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class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, roll):
super().__init__(name)
self.roll = roll
- Student inherits from Person.
- super() calls parent constructor.
3. Encapsulation:
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class Bank:
def __init__(self):
self._protected = 100
self.__private = 200
- _protected: Internal use (convention).
- __private: Name mangled, not accessible directly.
4. Polymorphism:
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class Dog:
def sound(self):
print("Bark")
class Cat:
def sound(self):
print("Meow")
- Same method name with different behavior.
5. Abstraction:
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from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self): pass
- Abstract class cannot be instantiated.
- Must override abstract methods.
6. Static and Class Methods:
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class Example:
@staticmethod
def static_func():
print("I don't need self")
@classmethod
def class_func(cls):
print("I know my class:", cls.__name__)
- Static methods don't need object or class reference.
- Class methods receive class as argument.
7. Dunder/Magic Methods:
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__str__, __init__, __len__, etc.
class Book:
def __str__(self):
return "Book object"
print(Book()) -> Uses __str__
8. Composition:
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class Engine:
def start(self):
print("Engine start")
class Car:
def __init__(self):
self.engine = Engine()
def start(self):
self.engine.start()
- Using one class (Engine) inside another (Car).
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EXAM PREP TIPS
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- Memorize syntax for string slicing and formatting.
- Practice creating and inheriting classes.
- Know difference between static/class methods.
- Use OOP principles clearly in code.
Good luck with your CodeTantra exam!
