Systematic semi-micro qualitative analysis of Inorganic Salt

AIM: - To identify the given salt

I. PRELIMINARY TESTS
Experiment Observation Inference
1.Nature Crystalline May be CO32- is absent
or May be Cl-, SO42-, NO3-
Amorphous etc. present
2.Colour Colourless May be Ba2+, Al3+, NH4+
or etc. present
Pink May be Mn, Fe, Cu etc.
present
3. Solubility Soluble in
a) Cold water
b) water
c) dil.HCl

II. IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS

GROUP I ACID RADICALS
No brisk effervescence Group I acid radical absent

OR
To a little of salt taken in a test
tube, add dil.H2SO4

Brisk effervescence Group I acid radical present.

May be Carbonate(CO32-)
Confirmatory test
To the salt solution, add Brisk effervescence with Carbonate(CO32-) confirmed
dil.HCl CO2 gas which turns lime
water milky

GROUP II ACID RADICALS

a) No characteristic Halides absent
fuming gas

To a little of salt taken in a test Group II acid radicals present

tube, add conc.H2SO4
b) Reddish brown fuming Maybe Bromide (Br-)present.
gas
 c) Colourless fuming gas Maybe Chloride (Cl-) present.
with a pungent smell
which gives dense white
fumes when a glass rod is
dipped in NH4OH is
brought near the mouth of
the test tube.

d) violet vapours May be Iodide (I-) present

e) Colourless vapours May be Acetate(CH3COO-)

To a little of salt taken in a test with vinegar smell. present
tube, add conc.H2SO4 + Cu
Turnings + Heat Reddish brown gas
evolved Maybe Nitrate (NO3- ) present

Test with OxalicAcid

To a given salt, add oxalic Vinegar like smell is May be Acetate(CH3COO-)
acid and few drops of observed present
water in a watch glass and
rubbed with finger

Confirmatory Tests A curdy white ppt is Cl- is confirmed

formed, which
To a little of the salt dissolves in NH4OH
solution taken in a dry test
add conc. HNO3 and A pale yellow ppt is
AgNO3 solution formed, which is Br - is confirmed
sparingly soluble in
NH4OH

Yellow ppt formed I - is confirmed

which is insoluble in
NH4OH

Esterification Test
To the given salt add A pleasant fruity Acetate is confirmed
conc.H2SO4 and heat. Now odour is observed
add ethyl alcohol, shake,
and pour the contents of
the test tube in a beaker
full of water. Stir
Ferric Chloride Test
To the salt solution add
neutral ferric chloride
solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions.
a) To part -1 add dil. Reddish colour Acetate is confirmed
HCl disappears.
b) To part -2 add water Reddish brown ppt is
and boil formed

GROUP III ACID RADICALS

To a given salt solution, White ppt is formed, Sulphate (SO42-) may be
BaCl2 solution is added which is insoluble in dil. present
HCl
LEAD ACETATE
TEST A white ppt is formed Sulphate (SO42-) is
To the salt solution add confirmed
lead acetate solution

III. IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

GROUP 0 BASIC RADICAL
No gas evolved with Group 0 basic radicals
ammoniacal odour absent
Salt +NaOH solution Colourless gas with
+heat ammoniacal odour, Ammonium (NH4+) may be
which gives dense white present
fumes with a glass rod
dipped in conc. HCl
Confirmatory Test
Salt + NaOH solution + Brown ppt is obtained Ammonium (NH4+)
heat. Gas evolved is confirmed
passed through
Nessler’s reagent in
another test tube
Preparation of original Solution: 5 spatula of salt is dissolved in 3ml of
(use the same solvent identified in solubility test)
GROUP I BASIC
RADICALS
O. S + dil. HCl If ppt forms Presence of group I cation
[Ag2+/Pb2+]

If ppt is not formed Group I cation absent

Boil white ppt with
distilled water and divide
it into two parts: Pb2+ is confirmed
Yellow ppt formed
To part I add KI solution
To part II add K2Cr2O4
solution
GROUP II BASIC
RADICALS
To the salt solution, dil. If ppt forms Presence of group II cation
HCl and H2S solution is
added
If ppt is not formed Group II basic radicals
absent
GROUP III BASIC
RADICALS
O.S +NH4Cl(S)+ excess No white gelatinous Group III basic radicals
NH4OH solution ppt absent
OR

White gelatinous ppt Group III basic radical may

be Aluminum (Al 3+)
present
Confirmatory Test
A blue ppt suspended Aluminum (Al 3+)
To the white ppt add dil. in a colourless confirmed.
HCl and few drops of blue medium is observed
litmus solution and
ammonium hydroxide
solution
GROUP IV BASIC
RADICALS
O.S + NH4Cl(S)+ excess No ppt obtained with Group IV basic radicals
NH4OH solution + H2S characteristic colour absent
solution is added OR
White ppt or buff May be Zinc (Zn2+) or
colour ppt is obtained Manganese (Mn2+) present
Confirmatory Tests
Dissolve the white ppt in
dil. HCl and divide it into
two parts.
To part I add Potassium Bluish white ppt is
ferrocyanide solution. formed Zinc (Zn2+) is confirmed

To part II add NaOH White ppt soluble in

solution excess of NaOH
solution
O. S + 10 drops of
Conc.HNO3 +PbO2 + heat. The supernatant liquid Manganese (Mn2+) is
Water is added to it and is coloured pink confirmed
allowed to stand
GROUP V BASIC
RADICALS
No white Ppt Group V basic radicals
absent
O.S + NH4Cl+ excess OR
NH4OH solution + Group V basic radicals
(NH4)2CO3 solution White Ppt is obtained present.
May be (Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+)
present

Group V white Ppt is dissolved in acetic acid and divided into 3 parts
Test for Barium No Yellow Ppt Barium is absent
Part 1 + Potassium
Chromate solution. OR
Yellow Ppt is formed Barium is confirmed
Flame Test: - Salt +
Conc.HCl Apple green flame
Barium is confirmed
Test for Strontium No white Ppt Strontium is absent
Part 2 +Ammonium
Sulphate solution +heat OR

Flame Test: - Salt + White Ppt is formed Strontium is confirmed

Conc.HCl
Crimson red flame Strontium is confirmed
Test for Calcium No white Ppt Calcium is absent
Part 3 + Ammonium
Oxalate Solution. OR
Flame Test: - Salt +
Conc.HCl White Ppt is formed Calcium is Confirmed
Brick red flame Calcium is Confirmed
GROUP VI BASIC
RADICALS
O.S + NH4Cl+ NH4OH If Ppt forms Presence of Group VI
solution + Na2HPO4 basic radical [Mg2+]
OR
Group VI basic radical
If Ppt does not form absent
Confirmatory Test

To the salt solution, add Magnesium [Mg2+] is

pinch of Ammonium White Ppt is formed confirmed
Chloride, few drops of
Ammonium hydroxide and
excess of Na2HPO4 solution

RESULT: The Given salt contains Acid radical ……………, Basic radical
….....
The Given salt is ……….