WOLLO UNIVERSITY

KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL,ARCHITECTURE AND WATER
ENGINEERING

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE-II

CHAPTER THREE: SHORT COLUMNS
TARGET GROUP WRIE THIRD YEAR.

7/27/2020 1
Introduction
 A column is a vertical structural member transmitting
axial compression loads with or without moments.
 The cross sectional dimensions of a column are
generally considerably less than its height.
 Column support mainly vertical loads.
 A column is a special case of a compression member
that is vertical.

7/27/2020 2
Classification of column
A. Classification on the basis of geometry; rectangular,
square, circular, L-shaped, T shaped, etc. depending on the
structural or architectural requirements.
B. Classification on the basis of composition; RC colums,
composite columns, in-filled columns, etc.
C. Classification on the basis of lateral reinforcement; tied
columns, spiral columns.
D. Classification on the basis of manner by which lateral
stability is provided to the structure as a whole; braced
columns, un-braced columns.
7/27/2020 3
Cont…
E. Classification on the basis of sensitivity to second order
effect due to lateral displacements; sway columns, non-sway
columns.
F. Classification on the basis of degree of slenderness; short
column, slender column.
G. Classification on the basis of loading: axially loaded
column, columns under uni-axial moment and columns
under biaxial moment

7/27/2020 4
TIED/SPIRAL COLUMNS
A. Tied Columns: Columns where main (longitudinal)
reinforcements are held in position by separate ties spaced at
equal intervals along the length.
-And over 95% of all columns in buildings in non-seismic
regions are tied columns.

Tied columns

7/27/2020 5
Cont…
 b) Spiral Columns: Columns which are usually circular
in cross section and longitudinal bars are wrapped by a
closely spaced spiral.

Spiral columns

7/27/2020 6
Behavior of Tied and Spiral
columns
 The load deflection diagrams show the behavior of tied
and spiral columns subjected to axial load.

 Because of the strength of

spiral column enhanced by the
tri axial stress resulting from
the confinement of the core
by the spiral reinforcement Fig: Load deflection
after spalling off concrete behavior of tied and
Ruther than buckling of spiral columns
reinforcement between ties,
spiral columns are more
ductile than tied columns.

7/27/2020 7
BRACED/UN-BRACED COLUMNS
 a) Un-braced columns
- Is one in which frames action is used to resist horizontal
loads.
-The horizontal loads are transmitted to the foundations
through bending action in the beams and columns which
reduce their axial (vertical) load carrying capacity.
- Un-braced structures are generally quit flexible and allow
horizontal displacement. When this displacement is
sufficiently large to influence significantly the column
moments, the structure is termed a sway frame.
7/27/2020 8
Cont.…
 b) Braced columns:
-Is braced against lateral loads using substantial bracing
members such as shear walls, elevators, stairwell shafts,
diagonal bracings or a combination of these.
-A column with in such a non-sway structure is considered
to be braced and the second order moment on such column,
P-∆, is negligible.

7/27/2020 9
Cont…

7/27/2020 10
SHORT/SLENDER COLUMNS
a) Short column
Has low slenderness ratio and their strengths are
governed by the strength of the materials and the
geometry of the cross section.
b) Slender columns
Has high slenderness ratio
and their strength may be
significantly reduced by
lateral deflection.
Has additional moment
due to deflection.
7/27/2020 11
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS ON THE BASIS
OF LOADING
1. Axialy loaded columns
- subjected to axial or concentric load without
moments.

Pdo-Ultimate capacity

7/27/2020 12
Cont…
 2. Column under uni-axial bending
-eccentricity is in only one direction so that moment is
only about one axis.

Fig:uni-axial bending

7/27/2020 13
Cont…
 Column under bi-axial bending
-eccentricity is in both directions so that moment is
about both axes.

Fig:bi-axial bending

7/27/2020 14
Interaction diagram
Let us consider idealized homogenous and elastic column
with a compressive strength, fcu, equal to its tensile
strength, ftu
Dividing when M = 0, and is Pmax = fcuA.
both sides when P=0 and is Mmax = fcuI/y
by fcu Substituting Pmax and Mmax
gives

Where
A, I -area and moment of inertia of the section
y -distance from the centroidal axis to the most highly compressed surface
P -Axial load, positive in compression
M- Moment, positive.

7/27/2020 15
Cont…

Interaction Chart for an

elastic column

7/27/2020 16
 INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMNS

Interaction diagram for column in combined bending and axial load

7/27/2020 17
Cont…

Strain distribution corresponding to points on the interaction diagram

7/27/2020 18
Using interaction chart
A. uniaxial.
 Assume a cross section, d’ and evaluate d’/h to choose appropriate chart
 Compute:
o Normal force ratio:
o Moment ratios:
 Enter the chart and pick ω (the mechanical steel ratio), if the coordinate (ν,
μ) lies within
the families of curves. If the coordinate (ν, μ) lies outside the chart, the
cross section is small and a new trail need to be made.
 Compute

 Check Atot satisfies the maximum and minimum provisions
 Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts
requirement .

7/27/2020 19
Cont…
 uniaxial

7/27/2020 20
Cont…
B.biaxial.
 Select cross section dimensions h and b and also h’ and b’
 Calculate h’/h and b’/b and select suitable chart

 Compute:
o Normal force ratio:
o Moment ratios:

Select suitable chart which satisfy and ratio:
 Enter the chart to obtain ω

 Compute

 Check Atot satisfies the maximum and minimum provisions
 Determine the distribution of bars in accordance with the charts
requirement .

7/27/2020 21
Cont…
 Biaxial

7/27/2020 22
CONT..

Equivalent
moment factor

7/27/2020 23
DESIGN OF COLUMNS ACCORDING TO
ES EN 1992:2015
A. Geometric imperfections
Imperfections may be represented by an inclination, θi, given by:

-Effect on isolated member: l =

actual length of member, m =1.
- Effect on bracing system: l =
height of building, m = number of
vertical members contributing to
the horizontal force on the bracing
system.
- Effect on floor or roof diaphragms
distributing the horizontal loads: l
= story height, m =number of
vertical elements in the story(s)
contributing to the total horizontal
force on the floor

7/27/2020 24
cont…
 For isolated members , the effect of imperfections may be taken into
account in two alternative ways:
 a) as an eccentricity, ei, given by: ei =θilo /2
Where lo is the effective length.
 For walls and isolated columns in braced systems, ei = lo/400 may
always be used as a simplification, corresponding to αh = 1.
 b) as a transverse force, Hi, in the position that gives maximum
moment:
For unbraced members, Hi=θiN
For braced members ,Hi= 2θi N
where N is the axial load. See next slide

7/27/2020 25
Cont…

7/27/2020 26
Cont…
 For structures, the effect of the inclination i may be
represented by transverse forces, to be included in the
analysis together with other actions.
Effect on bracing system, Hi =θi(Nb - N a )
Effect on floor diaphragm, Hi =θi(Nb +N a )/2
Effect on roof diaphragm, Hi =θixNa
where Na and Nb are longitudinal forces contributing to Hi.
As a simplified alternative for walls and isolated columns in
braced systems, an eccentricity ei = lo/400 may be used to
cover imperfections related to normal execution deviations

7/27/2020 27
 Simplified criteria for second order effects
1.Slenderness criterion for isolated members:
second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness λ
20𝐴𝐵𝐶
 is below a certain value λlim , λlim =
𝑛
A = 1 / (1+0.2 ef) (if ef is not known, A = 0.7 may be used)

B = 1 2 (if  is not known, B = 1.1 may be used)

C =1.7 - rm (if rm is not known C = 0.7 may be used)

ef -effective creep ratio  = Asfyd/ (Acfcd); mechanical reinforcement ratio;

As is the total area of longitudinal reinforcement

n = NEd / (Acfcd); relative normal force

rm=M01/M02; moment ratio ; moment ratio

7/27/2020 28
Cont…
 M01, M02 are the first order end moments, M02 ≥ M01
In the following cases, rm should be taken as 1.0 (i.e. C = 0.7):
- for braced members in which the first order moments arise
only from or predominantly due to imperfections or transverse
loading
- for unbraced members in general
In cases with biaxial bending, the slenderness criterion may be
checked separately for
each direction.

7/27/2020 29
Slenderness and effective length of isolated
members
 The slenderness ratio is defined as follows:   lo / i
where: lo is the effective length, and i is the radius of
gyration of the uncracked concrete section.

However, for
most real
structures
figures (f) and
(g) only are
applicable. They
from real frame.

7/27/2020 30
Cont…For detail read ES EN 1992-1-1_2015.section
5.8.3.2)
 For compression members in regular frames, the
slenderness criterion should be checked with an effective
length lo determined in the following way:
where:
k1,k2 are the relative flexibilities of
rotational restraints at ends 1 and 2
respectively. k = (/M)  (EI/l)
 is the rotation of restraining members for
bending moment M , EI is the bending
stiffness of compression member.
l is the clear height of compression
member between end restraints.
Note: k = 0 is the theoretical limit for rigid rotational
restraint, and k = ∞ represents the limit for no restraint at
all. Since fully rigid restraint is rare in practice, a minimum
value of 0.1 is recommended for k1 and k2
7/27/2020 31
Cont…
Where θ is not known k1,k2 can be calculated from the ratio
of the column bending stiffness to beam/slab bending
stiffness, but taking only 50% of beam stiffness to allow for
cracking .
Note: in this calculation of k1
and k2 only members properly
framed into the end of the
column in the appropriate
plane of bending should be
considered.

7/27/2020 32
Creep
 The effect of creep shall be taken into account in second order
analysis.
 The duration of loads may be taken into account in a simplified
way by means of an effective creep ratio, ef
ef  (,t0) MoEqp/ MoEd
Where :(∞,t0) is the final creep coefficient according to ES EN
1992-1-1_2015.section 3.1.4
MoEqp is the first order bending moment in quasi-permanent
load combination (SLS)
M0Ed is the first order bending moment in design load
combination (ULS)
Note: It is also possible to base ef on total bending moments M0Eqp and M0Ed, but this requires
iteration
and a verification of stability under quasi-permanent load with ef = (∞,t0).

7/27/2020 33
Cont…
 If MoEqp / MoEd varies in a member or structure, the ratio
may be calculated for the section with maximum moment, or a
representative mean value may be used.
-The effect of creep may be ignored, i.e. ef = 0 may be
assumed, if the following three conditions are met:
- (∞,t0) ≤ 2
-  ≤ 75
- MoEd/NEd ≥ h
-MoEd is the first order moment and h is the cross section
depth in the corresponding direction

7/27/2020 34
Determining creep coefficient (Refer ES EN
1992-1-1_2015.section 3.1.2 and 3.14 )

RH-Relative humidity
7/27/2020 35
Cont…

7/27/2020 36
Cont…

7/27/2020 37
Methods of analysis
(For detail read ES EN 1992-1-1_2015.section 5.8.5)
 The methods of analysis include a general method, based
on non-linear second order analysis and the following two
simplified methods:
(a) Method based on nominal stiffness
(b) Method based on nominal curvature
a).Method based on nominal stiffness
-In a second order analysis based on stiffness,nominal
values of the flexural stiffness should be used, taking into
account the effects of cracking, material non-linearity and
creep on the overall behavior.
7/27/2020 38
Nominal stiffness
 The following model may be used estimate the nominal stiffness of slender
compression members with arbitrary cross section.

 EI  KcEcdIc  KsEsIs
where:
Ecd is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ic is the moment of inertia of concrete cross section
Es is the design value of the modulus of elasticity of
reinforcement
Is is the second moment of area of reinforcement, about the
centre of area of the concrete
Kc is a factor for effects of cracking, creep
Ks is a factor for contribution of reinforcement

7/27/2020 39
Cont…
 The following factors may be used in Expression EI
calculation above, provided p ≥ 0.02
Ks1 Kc = k1k2 / (1+ef)
where:
 - is the geometric reinforcement ratio, As/Ac
As- is the total area of reinforcement Ac- is the area of concrete section
ef- is the effective creep ratio
k1- is a factor which depends on concrete strength class
k2- is a factor which depends on axial force and slenderness
𝜆
k1  𝑓ck/20 (MPa) k2 n ≤ 0.2
170
where  - is the slenderness ratio
n is the relative axial force, NEd / (Acfcd)
if the slenderness ratio λ is not defined k2 may be taken as
k2 nx0.3≤0.2
7/27/2020 40
Cont…
As a simplified alternative, provided p ≥ 0.01, the following
factors may be used in Expression of EI calculation
Ks = 0
Kc  0.3 (1 0.5ef )).
In statically indeterminate structures, unfavourable effects of
cracking in adjacent members should be taken into account
The stiffness should be based on an effective concrete modulus:
Ecd,eff  Ecd (1ef )
Ecd is the design value of the modulus of elasticity according to
5.8.6 (3)
ef is the effective creep ratio; same value as for columns may be
used
7/27/2020 41
Moment magnification factor
 First order Moment M0Ed is magnified as:

M0Ed is the first order moment

 is a factor which depends on distribution of 1st and 2nd order moments,
NEd is the design value of axial load
NB is the buckling load based on nominal stiffness
For isolated members with constant cross section and axial load, the second
order moment may normally be assumed to have a sine-shaped distribution.
Then
2
= where:
𝑐0
c0 is a coefficient which depends on the distribution of first order moment (for
instance, c0 = 8 for a constant first order moment, c0 = 9.6 for a parabolic and
12 for a symmetric triangular distribution etc.)
7/27/2020 42
Cont…
 For members without transverse load, differing first order
end moments M01 and M02 may be replaced by an
equivalent constant first order moment M0e according to
ES EN 1992-1-1_2015.section 5.8.8.2 (2).
 Consistent with the assumption of a constant first order
moment, c0= 8 should be used.
 The value of c0 = 8 also applies to members bent in
double curvature.
If the above conditions are not applicable β=1 is used and
then
7/27/2020 43
Cont…
b)Method based on nominal curvature
 The design moment is:
MEd M 0EdM2
Where:
M0Ed is the 1st order moment, including the effect of
imperfections.
M2 is the nominal 2nd order moment.
The maximum value of MEd is given by the
distributions of M0Ed and M2; the latter may be taken
as parabolic or sinusoidal over the effective length.
7/27/2020 44
  For statically indeterminate members, M0Ed is determined
for the actual boundary conditions, where as M2 will
depend on boundary conditions via the effective length.
For members without loads applied between their ends,
differing first order end moments M01 and M02 may be
replaced by an equivalent first order end moment M0e:
M0e  0.6M02  0.4M01  0.4M02
M01 and M02 should have the same sign if they give tension
on the same side, otherwise opposite signs. Furthermore,
M02 ≥ M01.
7/27/2020 45
Cont…
 The nominal second order moment M2 in Expression.
M2  NEde2
where:
Ned is is the design value of axial force
e2 is the deflection = (1/𝑟)𝑙02 )/𝑐
1/r is the curvature, lo is the effective length,
c is a factor depending on the curvature distribution
For constant cross section, c = 10 (2) is normally used. If
the first order moment is constant, a lower value should be
considered (8 is a lower limit, corresponding to constant
total moment).
7/27/2020 46
 Curvature
 For members with constant symmetrical cross
sections (incl. reinforcement), the following may be
used:
1/ r  K K 1/ r
r 0

Where:
Kr is a correction factor depending on axial load,
K is a factor for taking account of creep
1/r0 =yd/ (0.45 d)
yd = fyd / Es
d is the effective depth
7/27/2020 47
Cont…
 If all reinforcement is not concentrated on opposite sides, but part of
it is distributed parallel to the plane of bending, d is defined as:
d  (h /2)  is
where is is the radius of gyration of the total reinforcement area
kr should be taken as:
Kr  (nu  n) (nunbal)  1
n = NEd / (Acfcd), relative axial force
NEd is the design value of axial force
nu = 1 + 
nbal is the value of n at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4
may be used
 = Asfyd / (Acfcd)
As is the total area of reinforcement
Ac is the area of concrete cross section

7/27/2020 48
Cont…
 The effect of creep should be taken into account by
the following factor:
K 1  ef  1
where:
ef is the effective creep ratio,
 = 0.35 + fck/200 - /150
 is the slenderness ratio

7/27/2020 49
Biaxial bending
 No further check is necessary if the slenderness ratios
satisfy the following two conditions:
y/ z 2 and z/ y  2
and if the relative
eccentricities ey/heq and
ez /beq (in the Figure
shown ) satisfy one the
following conditions:
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑧
( )
ℎ𝑒𝑞 𝑏𝑒𝑞
 𝑒𝑧 ≤ 0.2 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑦 ≤ 0.2
(𝑏𝑒𝑞)
ℎ𝑒𝑞

7/27/2020 50
Cont…

7/27/2020 51
 Cont…
 In the absence of
an accurate cross
section design for
biaxial bending,
the following
simplified
criterion may be
used.

7/27/2020 52
Reinforcement for column
 Longitudinal reinforcement
-Longitudinal bars should have a diameter of not less than min. The
recommended value is 8 mm.
-The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than As,min
. The recommended value is given by
As,min=0.1NEd/fyd or 0.002Ac
fyd is the design yield strength of the reinforcement
NEd is is the design axial compression force
-The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed As,max
The recommended value is 0.04 Ac outside lap locations unless it can be
shown that the integrity of concrete is not affected, and that the full strength is
achieved at ULS. This limit should be increased to 0.08 Ac at laps.

7/27/2020 53
Cont…
 Transverse reinforcement
The diameter of the transverse reinforcement (links, loops or helical spiral
reinforcement) should not be less than 6 mm or one quarter of the
maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars, whichever is the greater.
 The diameter of the wires of welded mesh fabric for transverse
reinforcement should not be less than 5 mm.
The transverse reinforcement should be anchored adequately.
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not
exceed scl,tmax
 The recommended value scl,tmax of is the least of the following three
distances:
- 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars
- the lesser dimension of the column
- 400 mm
7/27/2020 54