Module 2 - Google Docs c Programing
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vishwaskr14BPOPS203-PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C
ODULE-2
M
ANAGING INPUT AND OUTPUT, BRANCHING AND LOOPING
M
In programming input mean reading data from the input device or a file andOutputmeans
displayingtheresultsonthescreen.Cprovidesanumberofinputandoutputfunctions.These
functionsarepredefinedintherespectiveheaderfiles.Theinputandoutputfunctionsareused
in the program whose functionality are predefined in the header file“#include<stdio.h>”
Input and output functions are broadly classified into as
Formatted Input and Output statements
scanf( ): scanf() function reads all type of data value from input device or from afile.the
address operator “&” is used to indicate the memory locationofthevariable.Thismemory
location is used to store the data which is read through the keyboard.
Syntax:
scanf(“format specifier”,addresslist);
where:format specifier indicates the type of data to be stored in the variable. address list
indicates the location of the variable where the value of the data is to be stored. the
address list is usually prefixed with an ”&”(ampersand) operator for each variable.
Example: if we want to store the values 50 and 31from the keyboard in variables num1 and
num2 then the input function is read as
scanf(“%d%d”,&num1,&num2);
the value 50 will be assigned to num1 and value 31 will be assigned to num2
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printf( ):In C programming language, printf() functionis used to print the “character, string,
float, integer, octal and hexadecimal values” onto the output screen. The features of printf()
can be effectively exploited to control the alignmentand spacing of printouts on terminals.
Syntax:
printf(“Text Message”);
OR
printf(“format specifier”,variablelist);
where:
format specifier indicates the type of data to be displayed
variable list indicates the value present in the variable.
the number of format specifier must match the number of variables in the variablelist.
Example: if we want to display the values stored in variables num1 and num2 then the printf
statement can be written as
printf(“The Value of num1 = %d and The value of num2 = %d\n”,num1,num2); This
statement will display the values stored in the respective variables. The output will be of the
form:
The Value of num1 = 50 and The value of num2 = 31
Example: /* C program to demonstrate Formatted Input and Output Statements */
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,sum;
rintf(“Enter two numbers\n”);
p
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
s um=a+b;
printf(“ Addition of two Numbers=%d\n”,sum);
}
Unformatted Input and Output statements
getch():isusedtoreadacharacterfromthekeyboard,thecharacterenteredisnotdisplayed
or echoedonthescreenthefunctionsdon’tneedareturnkeypressedtoterminatethereading
of a character. A character entered will itself terminates reading
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xample:
E
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getch();
printf(“The entered character is %c\n”,ch);
}
getche(): is used to read a character from the keyboard, the character entered is echoed or
displayedonthescreen.thefunctionsdon’tneedareturnkeypressedtoterminatethereading
of a character. A character entered will itself terminates reading.
xample:
E
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getche();
printf(“The entered character is %c\n”,ch);
}
getchar(): will reads a character from thekeyboardandcopyitintomemoryareawhichis
identifiedbythevariablech.Noargumentsarerequiredforthismacro.Oncethecharacteris
entered from the keyboard, the user has to press Enter key.
xample:
E
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getchar();
p rintf(“The entered character is %c\n”,ch);
}
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putch() and putchar():This function outputs a characterstored in the memory, on the
standard output device.. The variable should be passed as parameter to the functions
xample:
E
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter a character\n”);
ch=getchar();
printf(“The entered character is \n”);
putchar(ch);
}
CONDITIONAL BRANCHING AND LOOPING
C program is a set of statements which are normally executed sequentially in the order which
they appear. If there occours a situation where we have to change the order of execution of
the statements we make use of conditional statements.
C provides 5 types of conditional branching statements.
(i)Simple if statement
(ii)if – else statement
(iii)Nested if statement
(iv)Cascaded if statement or else-if ladder
(v)Switch Statement
(i)simple if:This is a one way selection statementwhich helps the programmer to execute or
skip certain block of statements based on the particular condition.
Syntax:
if(conditional_expression)
{
True block statements;
}
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Flowchart:
Example: /* C programto check the voting eligibility of the person*/
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
printf(“ Enter the age of the person\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&age);
if(age>=18)
{
printf(“The person is eligible to vote\n”);
}
if(age<18)
{
printf(“The person is not eligible to vote\n”);
}
}
(ii) if-elsestatement:Thisisatwowayselectionstatementwhichexecutestrueblockorfalse
block of statements based on the given condition. The keyword “else” is used to shift the
control when the condition is evaluated to false.
yntax:
S
if(conditional_expression)
{
True block statements;
}
else
{
False block statements;
}
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Flow chart:
Example: /* C program to check the entered num is even or odd*/
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num%2==0)
{
printf(“%d is a even number\n”,num);
}
else
{
printf(“%d is a odd number\n”,num);
}
}
(iii) NestedifStatement:Anifstatementwithinanotherifstatementiscalledasanestedif
statement.Thishelpstheprogrammertoselectoneamongmanyalternativesbasedonagiven
condition.
Syntax:
if(conditional_expression1)
{
if(conditional_expression2)
{
statement1;
}
else
{
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statement2;
}
}
else
{
statement 3;
}
statement X;
Flow chart:
xample: /* C program to find smallest of three numbers*/
E
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,small;
printf(“Enter three numbers\n”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&a,&b,&c);
if(a<b)
{
if(a<c)
small=a;
else
small=c;
}
else
{
if(b<c)
small=b;
else
small=c;
}
printf(“Smallest among three numbers=%d”,small);
}
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(iv) Cascadedif-elseorelseifladder:Thisisanotherwayofputtingallif’stogatherwhen
multipathdecisionareinvolvedThemultipathdecisionisachainofifstatementinwhichthe
statement associated with each elseisaifstatement.Heretheconditionsareevaluatedfrom
top to bottom. As soon asthe true condition is found the statement associated with it is
executed and the control is transferred to statement X, skipping rest of the ladder.
Syntax:
if(condition 1)
statement 1;
else if(condition 2)
statement 2;
else if(condition 3)
statement 3;
else if(condition n)
statement n;
else
default statement;
statement X;
Flowchart:
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xample: /* C program to display the grade of the student based on the average marks
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obtained */
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float avg;
printf(“Enter the Average marks\n”);
scanf(“%f”,&avg);
if(avg>=80)
printf(“Distinction\n”);
else if(avg>=60)
printf(“First Division\n”);
else if(avg>=50)
printf(“Second Division\n”);
else if(avg>=40)
printf(“Third Division\n”);
else
printf(“Fail\n”);
}
(v)Switch Statement: A switch statement teststhevalueofavariableandcomparesitwith
multiple cases. Once the case match is found, a block of statements associated with that
particular case is executed. Each case in a block of a switch has a different name/number
which isreferredtoasanidentifier.Thevalueprovidedbytheuseriscomparedwithallthe
cases insidetheswitchblockuntilthematchisfound.Ifacasematchisnotfound,thenthe
default statement is executed, and the control goes out of the switch block. The break
statement is used at the end of each case to come out of the switch block.
Syntax:
s witch( expression )
{
case value-1: Statement-1;
break;
case value-2: Statement-2;
break;
case value-3: Statement-3;
break;
case value-n: Statement-n;
break;
default: default Statement
break;
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}
Statement-x;
Flowchart:
xample: /* C program to find Area of various geometric
E
figures*/#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,area;
int choice;
printf(“\n MENU\n”)
printf(“1. Square\t 2. Circle\t 3. Rectangle\t 4. Triangle\n”);
printf(“Enter your Choice as 1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
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s witch(choice)
{
case 1: printf(“\nSQUARE\n”);
printf(“Enter the Side\n”);
s canf(“%d”,&a);
area=a*a;
break;
case 2: printf(“\nCIRCLE\n”);
printf(“Enter the Radius\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
area=3.142*a*a;
break;
case 3: printf(“\nRECTANGLE\n”);
printf(“Enter the length and breadth\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
area=a*b;
break;
case 4: printf(“\nTRIANGLE\n”);
printf(“Enter the base and height\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
area=0.5*a*b;
break;
default: printf(“you have entered a wrong choice\n”);
exit(0);
}
Printf(“Area=%f\n”,area);
}
Introduction to Conditional looping statements.
A set of statements have to be repeatedly executed for a specified number oftimesuntila
condition issatisfied.Thestatementsthathelpustoexecutethesetofstatementsrepeatedly
are called as looping constructs or loop control statements.
The various looping constructs in C are:
(i)while Loop(ii)do-while Loop(iii)for Loop(i)whileLoop:It is an entry-controlled loop.
In while loop, a condition is evaluated before processing a body of the loop. If a condition is
true then and only then the body of a loop is executed. After the body of a loop is executed
then control again goes back at the beginning, and the condition is checked if it is true, the
same process is executed until the condition becomes false. Once the condition becomes
false, the control goes out of the loop. After exiting the loop, the control goes to the
statements which are immediately after the loop.
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Syntax:
initialization;
while(test condition)
{
set of statements to be executed
including increment/decrement opetator
}
Flow chart:
Example: /* C program to print Numbers from 1 to 5 using while loop*/
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
i=1;
while(i<=5)
{
printf(“%d\t “,i);
i++;
}
}
(ii) do-while loop : A do-whileloopissimilartothewhileloopexceptthattheconditionis
alwaysexecutedafterthebodyofaloop.Itisalsocalledanexit-controlledloop.Thebodyis
executedifandonlyiftheconditionistrue.Insomecases,wehavetoexecuteabodyofthe
loop at least once even if the condition is false. This type of operation can be achieved by
using a do-while loop. In the do-while loop, thebodyofaloopisalwaysexecutedatleast
once. After
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the body is executed, then it checks the condition.Iftheconditionistrue,thenitwillagain
executethebodyofaloopotherwisecontrolistransferredoutoftheloop.Similartothewhile
loop,oncethecontrolgoesoutoftheloopthestatementswhichareimmediatelyaftertheloop
is executed.
Syntax:
initialization;
do
{
set of statements to be executed
including increment/decrement opetator
}while(test condition);
Flowchart:
Example: /* C program to print Numbers from 1 to 5 using do- while loop*/
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
i=1;
do
{
printf(“%d\t “,i);
i++;
} while(i<=5);
}
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Difference between while loop and do-while loop
While loop Do while loop
Syntax Syntax:
initialization; initialization;
while(test condition) do
{ {
set of statements to be executed set of statements to be executed
including increment/decrement including increment/decrement
opetator opetator
} }while(test condition);
Condition is checked first. Condition is checked later.
ince condition is checked first,
S ince condition is checked later, the
S
statements may or may not get executed. body statements will execute at least
once.
he main feature of the while loop
T he main feature of the do while loops is it
T
is,its an entry controlled loop. is an exit controlled loop
# include<stdio.h> include<stdio.h>
#
void main() void main()
{ {
int i; int i;
i=1; i=1;
while(i<=5) do
{ {
printf(“%d\t “,i); printf(“%d\t “,i);
i++; i++;
} } while(i<=5);
} }
While loop Flowchart Do while loop Flowchart
(iii)for loop :A for loop is a more efficient loopstructure in 'C' programming which is used
when the loop has to be traversed for a fixed number of times. The for loop basically works on
three major aspects(i)The initial value of the for loop is performed only once.(ii)The
condition is a Boolean expression that tests and compares the counter to a fixed value after
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each iteration, stopping the for loop when false is returned.(iii)The incrementation
/decrementation increases (or decreases) the counter by a set value.
Syntax:
f or (initial value; condition; incrementation or decrementation )
{
statements;
}
Flowchart:
Example:/* C program to print Numbers from 1 to 5using for loop*/
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",i);
}
}
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Nested for loop:Nestedloopmeansaloopstatementinsideanotherloopstatement. Thatis
why nestedloopsarealsocalledas“loopinsideloop“.Innestedforlooponeormorestatements
can be includedinthebodyoftheloop.Innestedforloop,Thenumberofiterationswillbe
equaltothenumberofiterationsintheouterloopmultipliesbythenumberofiterationsinthe
inner loop. Whenthecontrolmovesfromouterlooptoinnerloopthecontrolremainsinthe
inner loop until the inner loop condition fails, oncetheconditionfailsthecontrolcontinues
with the outer loop condition Again when the control comes to innerlooptheinnerloopis
reset to the initial value. The Nested for loop stops execution when the outer for loop
condition fails.
Syntax:
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
for ( initialization; condition; increment )
{
statement of inner loop
}
statement of outer loop
}
Flowchart:
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Example:C program to print the following pattern
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
# include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“ * ”);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
Example:C program to print the following pattern
1
2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9 10
# include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, j, n=1;
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",n);
n++;
}
printf("\n");
}
}
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Programming examples on Looping constructs:
1. Write a C program to find factorial of a given number using while loop.
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,fact=1;
printf(“Enter a Number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
i=1;
while(i<=n)
{
fact=fact*i;
i=i+1;
}
printf(“Factorial of a given number = %d\n”,fact);
}
2. Write a C program to print even numbers in the range of 1 to10 using while loop.
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1;
while(i<=10)
{
if(i%2==0)
printf(“%d\t”,i);
i=i+1;
}
}
3. Write a C program to print sum of first n natural numbers using do-while loop
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i sum;
printf(“Enter the number of elements\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
sum=0;
do
{
sum=sum+i;
i++;
}while(i<=n);
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printf(“Sum of natural numbers=%d\n”,sum);
}
4. Write a C program to print multiplication table of a given number using do-while
loop
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,p;
printf(“Enter a number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
i=1;
do
{
p=n*i;
printf(“%d X %d = %d\n”,n,i,p);
i=i+1;
}while(i<=10);
}
5. Write a C program to print sum of first n natural numbers using for loop
#include<stdio.h>
v oid main()
{
int n,i sum=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“Sum of natural numbers=%d\n”,sum);
}
6. Write a C program to print sum of all odd numbers and even numbers up to a given
range n using for loop
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,osum=0,esum=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
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if(i%2==0)
esum=esum+i;
else
osum=osum+i;
}
printf(“The sum of even numbers=%d\n”,esum);
printf(“The sum of odd numbers=%d\n”,osum);
}
7. Write a C program to print fibonacci series up to n numbers using for loop
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,fib1,fib2,fib3=0;
printf("Enter the number of series to to be genetared:");
scanf("%d",&n);
fib1=0;
fib2=1;
if(n==1)
printf("%d\n",fib1);
else if(n==2)
printf("%d\n%d\n",fib1,fib2);
else
p rintf("%d\n%d\n",fib1,fib2);
for(i=3;i<=n;i++)
{
fib3=fib1+fib2;
printf("%d\n",fib3);
fib1=fib2;
fib2=fib3;
}
}
7. Write a C program to print the following pattern
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
# include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
for(i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
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f or(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf(“ %d ”,j);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
Unconditional Looping Statements
An unconditional statements are the statements which transfer the control or flow of
execution unconditionally to another block of statements. They are also called jump
statements. There are four types of unconditional control transfer statements.
(i)break(ii)continue(iii)goto(iv)return
(i) breakStatement:Abreakstatementterminatestheexecutionoftheloopandthecontrol
is transferred to the statement immediately following the loop. i.e., the break statement is
used to terminate loops or to exit from a switch.
Syntax :
Jump-statement;
break;
Example:
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<=5)
{
i++;
if(i==3)
break;
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
OUTPUT:
1 2
(ii) continue statement: The continue statement is used to bypass the remainder of the
current pass through a loop. The loop does not terminate when a continue statement is
encountered. Instead, the remaining loop statements are skipped and the computation
proceeds directly to
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the next pass through the loop. It is simply written as “continue”. The continue statement tells
the compiler “Skip the following Statements and continue with the next Iteration”.
Syntax :
Jump-statement;
Continue;
Example:
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
while(i<=5)
{
i++;
if(i==3)
c ontinue;
printf(“%d\t”,i);
}
}
OUTPUT:
1 2 4 5
(iii)goto statement : C supports the “goto” statement to branch unconditionally from one
point toanotherintheprogram.Althoughitmaynotbeessentialtousethe“goto”statement
in a highly structured language like “C”, there may be occasions when the use of goto is
necessary. The goto requires a labelinordertoidentifytheplacewherethebranchistobe
made. A label isanyvalidvariablenameandmustbefollowedbyacolon(:).Thelabelis
placedimmediately beforethestatementwherethecontrolistobetransferred.Thelabelcan
be anywhere in the program either before or after the goto label statement.
orward jumpgoto
F ackward jumplabel:
B
yntax :goto label;
S label; statement;
............. ............. .............
............. ............. .............
............. ............. .............
label: label: goto label;
statement; statement;
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If the label statement is below the goto statement then it is calledforward jump. if the label
statement is above the goto statement then it is calledbackward jump
Example:
rogram without using gotoProgram using goto
P
#include<stdio.h> void main()
void main() {
{ printf(“MITE \t”);
printf(“MITE \t”); goto label1;
printf(“is \t in\t”); printf(“is \t in\t”);
printf(“Moodbidri\n”) label1:
; } printf(“Moodbidri\n”); }
OUTPUT OUTPUT
MITE is in Moodbidri M
ITE Moodbidri
#include<stdio.h>
Write a C Program to check if the entered number is positive Negative or Zero using
goto statement.
# include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter the number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if(num==0)
goto zero;
else if(num>0)
goto pos;
else
goto neg;
zero: printf(“The entered number is Zero\n”);
exit(0);
pos: printf(“The entered number is Positive\n”);
exit(0);
neg: printf(“The entered number is Negative\n”);
exit(0);
}
return statement:Thereturnstatement terminatesthe execution of a function and
returns control to the calling function. Execution resumes in the calling function at the
point
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immediately following the call. Areturnstatementcan also return a value to the calling
function.
Syntax :
J ump-statement:
return expression;
Finding Roots of a Quadratic Equation:
A quadratic equation, or a quadratic in short, is an equation in the form of ax2+ bx + c = 0,
where a is not equal to zero. The “roots” of the quadratic are the numbers that satisfy the
quadratic equation. There are always two roots for any quadratic equation, although
sometimes they may coincide.
The possible roots of the quadratic equation are:
(i)Roots are Real and Equal
(ii)Roots are real and distinct
(iii)Roots are imaginary
How to decide on calculation of roots?
a x2+ bx + c = 0, substitute the values of the
Given the equationdiscriminant b2-4ac coefficients a,b,c in the
Outcome1: if the value of b2- 4ac is equal to zerothen we say the “Roots are Real and Equal”
−��
The formula to calculate the real and equal root is�� =
2
�
�
Outcome2: if the value of b2- 4ac is grater than zeroi.e if the discriminant value is positive
we say the “Roots are real and distinct” the formula to calculate real and distinct roots are
�� =−��±√��2−
4����
Outcome3: if the value of b2- 4ac is lesser than zeroi.e if the discriminant value is negative
we say that the “ Roots are imaginary ” the formula to calculate imaginary roots are
�� =−��±��√��2−4����
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Develop a program to compute the roots of a quadratic equation by accepting
the coefficients. Print appropriate messages
# include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
v oid main()
{
float a,b,c,x1,x2,disc;
printf("Enter the values of a,b,c\n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
if(a==0)
{
printf("Invalid Input\n");
exit(0);
}
disc=b*b-4*a*c;
if(disc>0)
{
printf("Roots are Real and Distinct\n");
x1=((-b)+sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
x2=((-b)-sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
printf("Root1= %f\n Root2= %f\n",x1,x2);
}
else if(disc==0)
{
printf("Roots are Real and Equal\n ");
x1=(-b)/(2*a);
printf("Root1=Root2=%f\n",x1);
}
else
{
printf("Roots are Imaginary\n");
x1=(-b)/(2*a);
x2=(sqrt(fabs(disc)))/(2*a);
printf("Root1= %f +i %f\n",x1,x2);
printf("Root2= %f -i %f\n",x1,x2);
}
}
TI – Department of AIML
B
BPOPS203-PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C
Table of Binomial Coefficients:
Problem Statement :-The Binomial coefficients areused in the study of binomial
distribution and reliability of multi component redundant system. It is given by
�� = ( ) = ��
��(��, ��)
�!
� ��
��! (�� −
��)!, �� ≥
binomial Coefficient table is required to determine the binomial coefficient of any set of m
A
and x
Analysis :-The binomial coefficient can be recursivelycalculated as follows
B(m,0) = 1
Further, B(0,0) = 1
��(��, ��) =
�� − �� + 1
��(��, �� − 1) = [ ] , �� =
1,2,3, … . . , �� ��
rintf(“%2d”,m);
p
x=0;
i.e. The binomial coefficient is 1 when binom=1;
either x is 0 or m is 0 while(x<=m)
{
if(m==0||x==0)
/*C Program to print the table of printf(“%4d”,binom);
binomial coefficients*/
# include<stdio.h>
# define MAX 10
void main()
{
int m,x,binom;
printf(“mx”);
for(m=0;m<=10;m++)
printf(“%4d”,m)
printf(“\n
m=0;
do
{ \n”);
}
x=x+1;
else {
TI – Department of AIML
B
BPOPS203-PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C
b
i
n
o
m
=
b
i
n
o
m
*
(
m
-
x
+
1
)
/
x
;
p
r
i
n
t
f
(
“
%
4
d
”
,
b
i
n
o
m
)
;
TI – Department of AIML
B
BPOPS203-PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C
}
printf(“\n”);
m=m+1;
}while(m<=MAX);
}
The Table of Binomial Coefficient
mx0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
01
11 1
21 2 1
31 3 3 1
41 4 6 4 1
51 5 10 10 5 1
61 6 15 20 15 6 1
71 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
81 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
91 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1101 10 45 120 210 252210 120 45 10 1
Plotting of Pascal’s Triangle:
he construction of triangular array in Pascal’s triangle is related to binomial coefficient by
T
Pascal’s rule.
o build a triangle start with a ‘1’ at the top continue putting numbers below in the triangular
T
pattern so as to form a triangular array. So,each new number added below the top ‘1’ is just
the sum of the two numbers above except for the edge which are all ‘1’’s This can be
summarised as
0 row = 1
1 row = (0+1) , (1+0) = 1 , 1
2 row = (0+1) , (1+1) , (1+0) = 1 , 2 , 1
3 row = (0+1) , (1+2) , (2+1) , (1+0) = 1 , 3 , 3 , 1
TI – Department of AIML
B
BPOPS203-PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING USING C
/*C program to plot pascal’s triangle */
# include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num,rows,cols,space,ans;
printf(“Enter the number of levels\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
for(rows=0;rows<num;rows++)
{
for(space=1;space<=num-rows;space++)
printf(“ ”);
for(cols=0;cols<=rows;cols++)
{
if(cols==0||rows==0)
ans=1
else
ans=ans*(rows-cols+1)/cols;
printf(“%4d’,ans);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
BTI – Department of AIML
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