Railway Reservation Computer Python

Project

Computer Science (University of Kerala)

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 SAINIK SCHOOL AMARAVATHINAGAR

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2020-21

PROJECT REPORT ON

RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

ROLL NO : 6475

NAME : B.VINU KANTH

CLASS : XII

SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE

SUB CODE : 083

PROJECT GUIDE: Mr PM JIGAJINNI

PGT (CS)

SAINIK SCHOOL AMARAVATHINAGAR

TIRUPPUR DIST

TAMILNADU

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 SAINIK SCHOOL AMARAVATHINAGAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cadet B.VINU KANTH Roll No: 6475 has successfully

completed the project Work entitled RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM in the

subject Computer Science (083) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for

the purpose of Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in Sainik

School Amaravathinagar on .

(PM Jigajinni)
PGT Comp
Sci Master IC

Examiner:

Name:

Signature:

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

02 INTRODUCTION 05

03 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 05

04 PROPOSED SYSTEM 06

05 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 07

06 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 08

07 FLOW CHART 15

08 SOURCE CODE 16

09 OUTPUT 19

10 TESTING 20

11 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 23

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends
largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me

strength for the successful completion of the project.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant

encouragement while carrying out this project.

I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who

contributed in bringing this project up to this level, who continues to look
after me despite my flaws,

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary The Principal,

Sainik School Amaravathinagar who has been continuously motivating and
extending their helping hand to us.

I express my sincere thanks to the academician The vice Principal,

Sainik School Amaravathinagar, for constant encouragement and the
guidance provided during this project

I am overwhelmed to express my thanks to The Administrative

Officer for providing me an infrastructure and moral support while
carrying out this project in the school.

My sincere thanks to Mr. Praveen M Jigajinni, Master In-charge, A

guide, Mentor all the above a friend, who critically reviewed my project
and helped in solving each and every problem, occurred during
implementation of the project

The guidance and support received from all the members who
contributed and who are contributing to this project, was vital for the
success of the project. I am grateful for their constant support and help.

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 RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

The railway reservation system system is basically a database

based project done with help of python language. This project is very use

full for the people to book or cancel train tickets by sitting at home with

one cell phone in their hand. This project can be modified for various

reservations.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let the students apply the

programming knowledge into a real- world situation/problem and exposed

the students how programming skills helps in developing a good software.

• Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

• Apply object oriented programming principles effectively when

developing small to medium sized projects.

• Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

• Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in computer

science, as exemplified in the areas of systems, theory and software

development.

• Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied

Computer Science project, requiring writing and presentation skills

which exemplify scholarly style in computer science.

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PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be

really wants to stand against today’s merciless competition where not to

wise saying <to err is human= no longer valid, it’s outdated to rationalize

your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring about the best result

without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the unending

heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer.

One has to use the data management software. Software has been

an ascent in atomization various organisations. Many software products

working are now in markets, which have helped in making the

organizations work easier and efficiently. Data management initially had

to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but

now software product on this organization has made their work faster and

easier. Now only this software has to be loaded on the computer and work

can be done.

This prevents a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully

automated and any information regarding the organization can be

obtained by clicking the button. Moreover, now it’s an age of computers of

and automating such an organization gives the better look.

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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management

technique that divides complex projects into smaller, more easily
managed segments or phases. Segmenting projects allows managers to
verify the successful completion of project phases before allocating
resources to subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning,
design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases.
However, the phases may be divided differently depending on the
organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as
request, requirements-definition, and planning phases, or initiation,
concept-development, and planning phases. End users of the system
under development should be involved in reviewing the output of each
phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed
functionality.

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PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a

need or an opportunity.

The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

• Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business

accomplishments of the organization or a deficiency related to a
business need.
• Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
• Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to
satisfy the need including questioning the need for technology, i.e.,
will a change in the business process offer a solution?
• Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The
Sponsor designates a Project Manager and the business need is
documented in a Concept Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes
information about the business process and the relationship to the
Agency/Organization.
• Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal
results in a Project Management Charter which outlines the
authority of the project manager to begin the project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic

business objectives and resources are effectively implemented into an
organization's enterprise architecture. The initiation phase begins when
an opportunity to add, improve, or correct a system is identified and
formally requested through the presentation of a business case. The
business case should, at a minimum, describe a proposal’s purpose,
identify expected benefits, and explain how the proposed system supports
one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case should
also identify alternative solutions and detail as many informational,
functional, and network requirements as possible.

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SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or

opportunity is validated by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership
and the Agency/Organization CIO.

The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

• Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

• Identify system interfaces.
• Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
• Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical
success factors, and performance measures.
• Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the
basic functional requirements
• Assess project risks
• Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, andDevelop high-level
technical architecture, process models, data models, and a concept
of operations. This phase explores potential technical solutions
within the context of the business need.
• It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to
use COTS software products as opposed to developing custom
software or reusing software components, or the decision to use an
incremental delivery versus a complete, onetime deployment.
• Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate
technology to support the business process. The System Boundary
Document serves as an important reference document to support
the Information Technology Project Request (ITPR) process.
• The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can
move forward.

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PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:

PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing

development, acquisition, and maintenance projects. Careful planning,
particularly in the early stages of a project, is necessary to coordinate
activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and formality of
project plans should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks
of a given project. Project plans refine the information gathered during the
initiation phase by further identifying the specific activities and resources
required to complete a project.
A critical part of a project manager’ sjob is to coordinate discussions
between user, audit, security, design, development, and network
personnel to identify and document as many functional, security, and
network requirements as possible. During this phase, a plan is developed
that documents the approach to be used and includes a discussion of
methods, tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and user input.
Personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates are
established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to
acquisition planning, configuration management planning, quality
assurance planning, concept of operations, system security, verification
and validation, and systems engineering management planning.

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REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user

requirements using high-level requirements identified in the Initiation,
System Concept, and Planning phases. It also delineates the requirements
in terms of data, system performance, security, and maintainability
requirements for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase
to alevel of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. They need to
be measurable, testable, and relate to the business need or opportunity
identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used to
determine acceptance of the system are captured in the Test and
Evaluation MasterPlan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

• Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and
document them in the Requirements Document,
• Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be
supported (i.e., verify what information drives the business
process, what information is generated, who generates it, where
does the information go, and who processes it),
• Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs,
outputs, and the process.
• Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to
determine acceptable system performance.

DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional,

and network requirements identified during the initiation and planning
phases into unified design specifications that developers use to
scriptprograms during the development phase. Program designs are c
onstructed in various ways. Using a top-down approach, designers first
identify and link majorprogram components and interfaces, then expand
design layouts as they identify and link smaller subsystems and
connections. Using a bottom-up approach, designers first identify and link
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minor program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts
as they identify

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and link larger systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques
often use prototyping tools that build mock-up designs of items such as
application screens, database layouts, and system architectures. End
users, designers, developers, database managers, and network
administrators should review and refine the prototyped designs in an
iterative process until they agree on an acceptable design. Audit, security,
and quality assurance personnel should be involved in the review and
approval process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the
functional requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems
in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of
the software development, a variety of elements are considered in the
design to mitigate risk. These include:

• Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

• Performing a security risk assessment.
• Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
• Determining the operating environment.
• Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
• Allocating processes to resources.
• Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module.
The result is a draft System Design Document which captures the
preliminary design for the system.
• Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and
reviewed by the user. Once these documents have been approved
by the Agency CIO and Business Sponsor, the final System Design
Document is created to serve as the Critical/Detailed Design for the
system.
• This document receives a rigorous review byAgency technical and
functional representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business
requirements. Concurrent with the development of the system
design, the Agency Project Manager begins development of the
Implementation Plan, Operations and Maintenance Manual, and the
Training Plan.

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DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The development phase involves converting design specifications

into executable programs. Effective development standards include
requirements that programmers and other project participants discuss
design specifications before programming begins. The procedures help
ensure programmers clearly understand program designs and
functional requirements. Programmers use various techniques to
develop computer programs. The large transaction oriented programs
associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed
using procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming
involves the line-by-line scripting of logical instructions that are
combined to form a program. Effective completion of the previous
stages is a key factor in the success of the Development phase. The
Development phase consists of:

• Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.

• Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
• Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

• Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance

testing is conducted during the integration and test phase. The user,
with those responsible for quality assurance, validates that the
functional requirements, as defined in the functional requirements
document, are satisfied by the developed or modified system. OIT
Security staff assess the system security and issue a security
certification and accreditation prior to installation/implementation.

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Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

• Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly

supported by end users

• Testing as a deployed system with end users working together

with contract personnel

• Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions.

Requirements are traced throughout testing,a final Independent
Verification & Validation evaluation is performed and all
documentation is reviewedand accepted prior to acceptance of the
system.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and
accepted by the user. In this phase, the system is installed to support the
intended business functions. System performance is compared to
performance objectives established during the planning phase.
Implementation includes user notification, user training, installation of
hardware, installation of software onto production computers, and
integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase continues
until the system is operating in production in accordance with the defined
userrequirements.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is ongoing. The system is monitored for

continued performance in accordance with user requirements and needed
system modifications are incorporated. Operations continue as long as
the system can be effectively adapted to respond to the organization’s
needs. When modifications or changes are identified, the system may
reenter the planning phase.

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The purpose of this phase is to:

• Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

• Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
• Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the
functional requirements continue to be satisfied.
• Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

FLOW CHART

4. THEN THE DATA WILL 1. COMMANDED

BE SEND TO THE PROGRAM WILL BE
PYTHON IDLE. EXECUTED IN PYTHON IDLE
.

3. THE REQUIRED 2. AS THE PYTHON AND

DATA WILL BE MYSQL ARE
CONNECTED THE
TAKEN FROM THE
COMMAND WILL BE
DATABASE.

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 SOURCE CODE

FILE ИАМE : TАBLES

import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
s1="create database railway"
cursor.execute(s1)
s1="create table railway(name varchar(100),phno
varchar(15) primary key,age int(4),gender
varchar(50),from_f varchar(100),to_t
varchar(100),date_d varchar(20))"
cursor.execute(s1)
s1="create table user_accounts(fname
varchar(100),lname varchar(100),user_name
varchar(100) ,password varchar(100) primary
key, phno varchar(15),gender
varchar(50),dob varchar(50),age
varchar(4))"
cursor.execute(s1)

FILE ИАМE : МАIИ

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def menu():
print('1.YES')
print('2.NO')
ch=int(input('DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE OR NOT:'))
while ch==1:
print('WELECOME TO ONLINE RAILWAY RESERVATION
SYSTEM’)
print('1.SIGN IN')
print('2.SIGN UP')
print('3.DELETE ACCOUNT')
print('4.EXIT')
ch1=int(input('ENTER YOUR CHOICE:'))
if ch1==1:
a=checking()
if a==True:
print('WELCOME')
main()
else:
continue
elif ch1==2:
a=checking_1()
if a==True:
main()
else:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
continue
elif ch1==3:
c=checking_2()
if c==True:

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 print('ACCOUNT DELETED’)
continue
else:
print('YOUR PASSWAORD OR USER_NAME IS
INCORRECT')
continue

elif ch1==4:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:

print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

break
def main():
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
c=int(input("do you want to continue or not:")
while (c==1):
print(' 1.TICKET BOOKING',"\n", '2.TICKET
CHECKING',"\n",'3.TICKET, CANCELLING'"\
n",'4.ACCOUNT DETAILS',"\n",'5.LOG OUT')
ch=int(input('enter ur choice:'))
if ch==1:
ticket_booking()
elif ch==2:
ticket_checking()
elif ch==3:
ticket_cancelling()

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 elif ch==4:
checking_3()
elif ch==5:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:
print('ERROR 404: ERROR PAGE NOT FOUND')

def ticket_booking():
import mysql.connector
Mycon=mysql.connector.connect (host='localhost',
User='root', passwd='manager',
database='railway')
Cursor=mycon.cursor ()
mycon.autocommit=True
nm=input('enter your name:')
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
age=int(input('enter your age:'))
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO
MENTION')
gender=input('enter your gender:')
Gender=gender.upper()
fr=input('enter ur starting point:')
to=input('enter your destination:')
date1=input('enter date(dd):')
date2=input('enter month(mm):')
date3=input('enter year(yyyy):')
date=date1+"/"+date2+"/"+date3

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 a={'M':'MALE','F':'FEMALE','N':'NOT TO MENTION'}
v=a[Gender]
s1="insert into railway values ('{}',{},
{},'{}','{}','{}','{}')".format(nm,phno,age,
v,fr,to,date)

cursor.execute(s1)
print('BOOKED SUCCESSFULLY')

def ticket_checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))

if ch==1:
phno=int(input('enter your phnone number:'))
try:
s1="select * from railwaywhere phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1) data=cursor.fetchall()
[0]
Data=list(data)

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a=['NAME','PHONE,NUMBER','AGE','GENDER','STARTING
POINT','DESTINATION','DATE',]
print(a[0],'::::',Data[0].upper())
print(a[1],'::::',Data[1])
print(a[2],'::::',Data[2])
print(a[3],'::::',Data[3].upper())
print(a[4],'::::',Data[4].upper())
print(a[5],'::::',Data[5].upper())
print(a[6],'::::',Data[6])
except:
print('TICKET DOES NOT EXISTS')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def ticket_cancelling():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))

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 if ch==1:
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
s1="delete from railway where phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
print('TICKET CANCELLED')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def checking_2():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
print('
IS THIS YOUR ACCOUNT')

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 s1="select user_name from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from
user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE
NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select
fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])
print('
1. yes')

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 print('
2. no')

vi=int(input('enter your choice:'))

if vi==1:
b1="delete from user_accounts
where password = '{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(b1)
return True
elif vi==2:
print('SORRY,RETRY')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT
FOUND')
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_1():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
f=input("FIRST NAME:")
l=input("LAST NAME:")

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 a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
c=input('RE-ENTER YOUR PASS WORD:')
ph=input("PHONE NUMBER:")
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO
MENTION')
gen=input('ENTER YOUR GENDER:')
print("ENTER YOR DATE OF BIRTH")
d=input("DD:")
o=input("MM:")
p=input("YYYY:")
dob=d+'/'+o+'/'+p
age=input('YOUR AGE:')
v={'m':'MALE','f':'FEMALE','n':'NOT TO MENTION'}
if b==c:
try:
c1="insert into user_accounts
values('{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}')".form
at(f,l,a,b,ph,v[gen],dob,age)
cursor.execute(c1)
print('WELCOME',f,l)
return True
except:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
return False
else:
print('BOTH PASSWORDS ARE NOT MATCHING')

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def checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]

data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)[0]
if data==a:
print(' HII ',data1)
return True
else:
return False
except:

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 print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_3():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:

x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE

NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF BIRTH','AGE']

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 s1="select
fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from user_accounts
where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])

else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

menu()

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OUTPUT

CHOICE WINDOW

IF CHOICE IS 1(LOGIN WINDOW)

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IF CHOICE IS 2 (SIGN UP WINDOW)

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 IF CHOICE IS 3(DELETE ACCOUNT)

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 IF CHOICE IS 4(EXIT)

IF CHOICE IS 5 OR MORE

SECOND CHOICE LIST AFTER LOGIN

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IF CHOICE IS 1(TICKET BOOKING)

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IF CHOICE IS 2(TICKET CHECKING)

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IF CHOICE IS 3(TICKET CANCELLING)

IF CHOICE IS 4(ACCOUNT DETAILS)

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IF CHOICE IS 5(LOG OUT)

IF CHOICE IS 5 OR MORE

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 TESTING

Software Testing is an empirical investigation conducted to provide

stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service
under test[1]
, with respect to the context in which it is intended to operate. Software
Testing also provides an objective, independent view of the software to
allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks at
implementation of the software. Test techniques include, but are not
limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the
intent of finding software bugs.
It can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that
a software program/application/product meets the business and technical
requirements that guided its design and development, so that it works as
expected and can be implemented with the same characteristics.
Software Testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be
implemented at any time in the development process, however the most
test effort is employed after the requirements have been defined and
coding process has been completed.

TESTING METHODS
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into black box
testing and white box testing. These two approaches are used to describe
the point of view that a test engineer takes when designing test cases.

BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing treats the software as a "black box," without any
knowledge of internal implementation. Black box testing methods include:
equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz
testing, model-based testing, traceability matrix, exploratory testing and
specification-based testing.

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 SPECIFICATION-BASED TESTING

Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software

according to the applicable requirements.[16] Thus, the tester inputs data
into, and only sees the output from, the test object. This level of testing
usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who
then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or
behaviour), either "is" or "is not" the same as the expected value specified
in the test case. Specification-based testing is necessary, but it is
insufficient to guard against certain risks

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's
perception is very simple: a code must have bugs. Using the principle,
"Ask and you shall receive," black box testers find bugs where
programmers don't. But, on the other hand, black box testing has been
said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight," because
the tester doesn't know how the software being tested was actually
constructed.
That's why there are situations when (1) a black box tester writes
many test cases to check something that can be tested by only one test
case, and/or (2) some parts of the back end are not tested at all.
Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of "an unaffiliated
opinion," on the one hand, and the disadvantage of "blind exploring," on
the other.

WHITE BOX TESTING

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 White box testing, by contrast to black box testing, is when the
tester has access to the internal data structures and algorithms (and the
code that implement these)

Types of white box testing:-

The following types of white box testing exist:
• api testing - Testing of the application using Public and Private APIs.
• Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of
code coverage.
For example, the test designer can create tests to cause all
statements in the program to be executed at least once.
• fault injection methods.
• mutation testing methods.
• static testing - White box testing includes all static testing.

CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION

White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the

completeness of a test suite that was created with black box testing
methods. This allows the software team to examine parts of a system that
are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points
have been tested.

Two common forms of code coverage are:

• Function Coverage: Which reports on functions executed and
• Statement Coverage: Which reports on the number of lines
executed to complete the test.
They both return coverage metric, measured as a percentage

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HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

I. OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 7 AND ABOVE

II. PROCESSOR : PENTIUM(ANY) OR AMD

ATHALON(3800+- 4200+ DUAL

CORE)

III. MOTHERBOARD : 1.845 OR 915,995 FOR PENTIUM 0R MSI

K9MM-V VIA K8M800+8237R PLUS

CHIPSET FOR AMD ATHALON

IV. RAM : 512MB+

V. Hard disk : SATA 40 GB OR ABOVE

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo: (If back up required)

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE 1.44 MB : (If Backup required)

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Key board and mouse

X. Printer : (if print is required – [Hard copy])

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Windows OS
• Python
• mysql connector modulle

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Computer science With Python - Class XI By : Sumita Arora

• A Project Report On SALES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
By : Praveen M Jigajinni
• Website: https://www.w3resource.com
***

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