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2 views5 pages

notes 10

Uploaded by

Lydia Bvunge
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Python Programming Notes

Dr. Kumar Manoj

Local and Global Variables


Local Variable
A local variable is a variable that is defined inside a function and can be used only
within that function. It is not accessible outside the function.

Example:

def g r e e t ( ) :
message = ” H e l l o , Student ! ” # Local v a r i a b l e
print ( message )

greet ()
# p r i n t ( message ) # This w i l l c a u s e an e r r o r b e c a u s e ’ messa

Global Variable
A global variable is declared outside of all functions. It is accessible from any function
within the program.

Example:

name = ” Python ” # Global v a r i a b l e

def show name ( ) :


print ( ” Language : ” , name )

show name ( )

Modifying Global Variable Inside Function


To modify a global variable inside a function, use the global keyword.

Example:

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count = 0

def i n c r e m e n t ( ) :
global count
count += 1
print ( ” I n s i d e f u n c t i o n : ” , count )

increment ( )
print ( ” Outside f u n c t i o n : ” , count )

Organizing Code Using Functions


Functions help in organizing code, improving readability, and reusability. Python allows
defining functions using the def keyword.

Syntax:
def function_name(parameters):
# code block
return result

Example:
def add ( a , b ) :
return a + b

r e s u l t = add ( 1 0 , 5 )
print ( ”Sum : ” , r e s u l t )

Advantages of Functions
ˆ Code Reusability

ˆ Modular Programming

ˆ Easy Testing and Debugging

ˆ Better Code Organization

Types of Functions
ˆ Built-in functions (e.g., len(), print(), range())

ˆ User-defined functions (created using def)

ˆ Lambda functions (anonymous functions using lambda)

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Local and Global Variables
Local Variable
Local variables are declared within a function and can only be used inside that function.
Example 1:
def s q u a r e ( x ) :
result = x * x # ’ result ’ is a local variable
return r e s u l t

print ( s q u a r e ( 4 ) ) # Output : 16
# print ( result ) # Error : ’ r e s u l t ’ i s not d e f i n e d o u t s i
Example 2: Function with Local and Global Variables
x = 10 # Global v a r i a b l e

def m u l t i p l y ( ) :
y = 5 # Local v a r i a b l e
print ( ” I n s i d e f u n c t i o n : x =” , x )
print ( ” I n s i d e f u n c t i o n : y =” , y )

multiply ()
print ( ” Outside f u n c t i o n : x =” , x )
# p r i n t (” O u t s i d e f u n c t i o n : y =”, y ) # Error : ’ y ’ i s not d e

Global Variable
Global variables are declared outside functions and accessible throughout the program.
Example 3:
count = 100

def show count ( ) :


print ( ” Global count : ” , count )

show count ( ) # Output : G l o b a l count : 100

Using global Keyword to Modify Global Variable


Example 4:
total = 0

def a d d t o t o t a l ( v a l u e ) :
global t o t a l
t o t a l += v a l u e

add to total (50)


print ( ” Total : ” , t o t a l ) # Output : T o t a l : 50

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Organizing Code Using Functions
Functions help in better structure, modularity, and reusability of code.

User-Defined Function
Example 1:
def g r e e t ( name ) :
print ( ” H e l l o , ” , name )

greet (” Alice ”)
g r e e t ( ”Bob” )
Example 2: Return Multiple Values
def c a l c u l a t e ( a , b ) :
sum = a + b
product = a * b
return sum , product

s , p = c a l c u l a t e (3 , 4)
print ( ”Sum : ” , s )
print ( ” Product : ” , p )

Function Calling Another Function


Example 3:
def a r e a o f c i r c l e ( r a d i u s ) :
pi = 3.1416
return p i * r a d i u s * r a d i u s

def d i s p l a y a r e a ( r ) :
area = a r e a o f c i r c l e ( r )
print ( ” Area o f c i r c l e : ” , a r e a )

display area (5)

Function with Default Parameter


Example 4:
def welcome ( name=” Student ” ) :
print ( ”Welcome , ” , name )

welcome ( ”Kumar” )
welcome ( )

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Lambda Function (Anonymous)
Example 5:
s q u a r e = lambda x : x * x
print ( s q u a r e ( 6 ) ) # Output : 36

Recap: Function Advantages


ˆ Simplifies complex problems

ˆ Enhances code reusability

ˆ Makes testing and debugging easier

ˆ Avoids repetition

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