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Unit 4 - Python Programming

This document covers the concepts of functions and file handling in Python. It explains the definition, types, parameters, and scope of functions, including recursion and lambda functions. Additionally, it outlines the steps for file handling, including opening, reading, writing, appending, and deleting files, along with relevant methods and best practices.

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Ayush Gupta
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5 views8 pages

Unit 4 - Python Programming

This document covers the concepts of functions and file handling in Python. It explains the definition, types, parameters, and scope of functions, including recursion and lambda functions. Additionally, it outlines the steps for file handling, including opening, reading, writing, appending, and deleting files, along with relevant methods and best practices.

Uploaded by

Ayush Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 3: FUNCTIONS and FILES

FUNCTIONS

Definition of Function:

A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task. It helps break programs into
smaller, manageable parts.

Types of Functions:

1.​ Built-in Functions: Already available in Python.​


Examples: print(), len(), type(), sum(), etc.
2.​ User-defined Functions: Created by the programmer using the def keyword.

Syntax:

Function Parameters & Arguments

1. Positional Arguments:

●​ Matched by position (order).


2. Keyword Arguments:

●​ Matched by name.

3. Default Arguments:

●​ Assigns default values to parameters.

*4. Arbitrary Arguments (args):

Used when the number of arguments is unknown. Arguments are stored as a tuple.

**5. Arbitrary Keyword Arguments (kwargs):

Used when keyword arguments are unknown; stored as a dictionary.


Scope of Variables:

1.​ Local Scope:

Variables defined inside a function. Accessible only within that function.

2.​ Global Scope:

Variables defined outside any function. Can be accessed from anywhere.

3.​ Using global Keyword:

Used to modify a global variable inside a function.


Recursion:

A function that calls itself.

Example: Factorial using Recursion

Use cases: Mathematical operations like factorial, Fibonacci, tree traversal, etc.

Lambda Functions:

An anonymous (unnamed) function written using the lambda keyword. Generally used for short
functions.

Can be used with map(), filter(), and reduce().


FILES

File Handling:

●​ Used to read/write data from/to files using Python's built-in functions.

Steps:

1.​ Open the file


2.​ Perform read/write
3.​ Close the file

1.​ Opening a File:

Modes:

●​ 'r' – Read (default)


●​ 'w' – Write (creates new or overwrites)
●​ 'a' – Append
●​ 'r+' – Read and write​

2.​ Reading from a File:


3.​ Writing to a File:

Appending to a File:

Closing a File:

●​ Always close the file after use.

Tell and Seek Methods:

tell():

●​ Returns the current file cursor position.


seek(offset):

●​ Moves the file cursor to a specific position.

CODE FOR WRITE, READ and APPEND FILES

1.​ Writing to a File (Overwrites if file exists)

2.​ Reading from a File


3.​ Appending to a File (Adds content at the end)

4.​ Deleting a File

●​ Notes:
○​ os.path.exists(filename) ensures that the file exists before attempting to delete it.
○​ os.remove(filename) deletes the file permanently from the directory.
○​ If you try to delete a file that doesn't exist without this check, Python will raise a
FileNotFoundError.

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