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Algorithm Design Notes Ch-7

The document outlines the Program Development Life Cycle, which includes Analysis, Design, Coding, and Testing, emphasizing its cyclical nature. It explains the structure of computer systems and sub-systems, the use of structured diagrams for top-down design, and the definition of algorithms along with flowchart components. Additionally, it covers validation and verification methods, types of testing, and debugging techniques using trace tables and test data.

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4 views2 pages

Algorithm Design Notes Ch-7

The document outlines the Program Development Life Cycle, which includes Analysis, Design, Coding, and Testing, emphasizing its cyclical nature. It explains the structure of computer systems and sub-systems, the use of structured diagrams for top-down design, and the definition of algorithms along with flowchart components. Additionally, it covers validation and verification methods, types of testing, and debugging techniques using trace tables and test data.

Uploaded by

aronika523
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Algorithm Design and Problem Solving -

Notes
Program Development Life Cycle
 Consists of: Analysis, Design, Coding, Testing.
 It is a cycle, not a linear process. Revisions often needed during development.

Computer Systems and Sub-Systems


 Composed of software, data, hardware, communications, and people.
 Systems are broken down into sub-systems until each part performs a single action.
 Example: Instagram - software (code), data (user preferences), hardware (servers),
communications & people (staff).

Structured Diagram (Top-Down Design)


 Used to divide systems into sub-systems.
 Example: Alarm clock - Inputs: Set Time, Processes: Check Time, Turn On/Off Alarm,
Outputs: Sound Alarm.

Algorithms
 A set of instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.
 Can be expressed using pseudocode or flowcharts.
 Real-life example: Driving a car. Software example: Alarm checking if time and day
match.

Flowchart Components
 Terminator: Start/End of process.
 Process: Represents an action/instruction.
 Input/Output: Data input or information output.
 Decision: Used to decide next step, has two outcomes.
 Subroutine: Represents a procedure within a program.
 Flowline: Arrows indicating the flow of the algorithm.

Flowchart Design Examples


 Example 1: Multiply two numbers, output if result > 100, repeat until user stops.
 Example 2: Ticket purchase system – apply 10% discount for ≥10 tickets, 20% for ≥20.
Max 25 tickets.

Validation and Verification


 Validation ensures input data is reasonable:
 - Range Check: Value within limits.
 - Length Check: Data has correct length.
 - Type Check: Correct data type.
 - Presence Check: Field is not blank.
 - Format Check: Data matches specific pattern.
 Verification ensures data is correctly entered:
 - Double Entry, - Visual Check.

Testing Types
 Normal Data: Expected valid input.
 Extreme Data: Largest/smallest valid values.
 Abnormal Data: Invalid data that should be rejected.
 Boundary Data: Test values just inside and just outside valid range.

Debugging with Trace Tables and Test Data


 Trace Tables: Track variable changes step-by-step to find errors.
 Use test data to verify algorithm correctness (e.g., ticket cost with discount).

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