1. What is Spring Framework?

The Spring Framework is an open-source framework for building Java-based applications. It provides comprehensive
eatures like Dependency Injection, Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP), and integration with various technologies s

2. What are some of the important features and advantages of Spring Framework?
Dependency Injection (DI): Simplifies the development of loosely coupled components.
Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP): Helps separate cross-cutting concerns.
Transaction Management: Integrates transaction management into various types of applications.
MVC Framework: Supports the development of web applications using the Model-View-Controller design pattern.
Security: Provides comprehensive security features.
Modular Architecture: Spring is divided into various modules (like Spring MVC, Spring Data, Spring Security).
Testability: Supports easy unit testing.

3. What do you understand by Dependency Injection?

Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern used to implement Inversion of Control (IoC), where an object's depend
ther than the object creating the dependencies itself.

4. How do we implement DI in Spring Framework?

In Spring, DI can be implemented via constructor injection, setter injection, or field injection using annotations like @

5. What are the benefits of using Spring Tool Suite?

It simplifies the development process by providing features like integrated development tools, code assistance, debu
It comes pre-configured with Spring-based projects, making it easier to start Spring applications.
It includes useful tools for managing Spring Beans, configurations, and profiles.

6. Name some of the important Spring Modules.

Spring Core: The core of the Spring framework, providing IoC and DI support.
Spring AOP: Aspect-Oriented Programming for cross-cutting concerns.
Spring MVC: A model-view-controller framework for web applications.
Spring Data: Simplifies database interaction.
Spring Security: Provides security features like authentication and authorization.
Spring Batch: Provides solutions for batch processing.
Spring Integration: Allows integration with external systems.

7. What do you understand by Aspect-Oriented Programming?

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a programming paradigm that enables the separation of cross-cutting concer

8. What is Aspect, Advice, Pointcut, JointPoint, and Advice Arguments in AOP?

Aspect: A module that encapsulates a cross-cutting concern (e.g., logging, security).
Advice: Code that is executed at a particular join point, like before, after, or around method execution.
Pointcut: A set of criteria that define where and when the advice should be applied.
JoinPoint: A point during the execution of the program (e.g., method execution) where an aspect can be applied.
Advice Arguments: The arguments passed to the advice during its execution.

9. What is the difference between Spring AOP and AspectJ AOP?

Spring AOP: Uses proxy-based AOP, limited to method execution join points.
AspectJ AOP: A more powerful AOP framework that supports more join points, such as field access, constructor calls,

10. What is Spring IoC Container?

The Spring IoC (Inversion of Control) container is responsible for managing the lifecycle and configuration of applicat

11. What is a Spring Bean?

A Spring Bean is an object that is managed by the Spring IoC container. Beans are created, configured, and managed

12. What is the importance of Spring bean configuration file?

The Spring Bean configuration file (usually XML or annotation-based) provides the metadata that defines how beans

13. What are different ways to configure a class as Spring Bean?

XML-based Configuration: Using <bean> tags in XML.
Annotation-based Configuration: Using annotations like @Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller.
Java-based Configuration: Using @Configuration and @Bean annotations.

14. What are different scopes of Spring Bean?

Singleton: Only one instance is created for the entire Spring container.
Prototype: A new instance is created each time the bean is requested.
Request: A new bean is created for each HTTP request (only in web applications).
Session: A new bean is created for each HTTP session (only in web applications).
Global Session: A new bean is created for each global HTTP session (only in portlet applications).

15. What is Spring Bean life cycle?

The Spring Bean life cycle involves the following steps:
Bean instantiation.
Setting of properties (DI).
Bean initialization (via @PostConstruct or init-method).
Bean destruction (via @PreDestroy or destroy-method).

16. How to get ServletContext and ServletConfig object in a Spring Bean?

You can use ServletContext and ServletConfig objects in Spring beans by implementing ServletContextAware and Ser
@Autowired.

17. What is Bean wiring and @Autowired annotation?

Bean wiring is the process of linking beans together in a Spring container. The @Autowired annotation is used to aut

18. What are different types of Spring Bean autowiring?

Autowire by Type (@Autowired): Injects a bean by matching the type.
Autowire by Name: Matches by the name of the property.
Autowire by Constructor: Matches constructor parameters.
Autowire by Qualifier: Specifies which bean to inject when there are multiple candidates.

19. Does Spring Bean provide thread safety?

Spring beans by default are not thread-safe, except for singleton-scoped beans. To ensure thread safety, you need to

20. What is a Controller in Spring MVC?

In Spring MVC, a @Controller is a class that handles user requests, processes them, and returns a view.

21. What’s the difference between @Component, @Repository & @Service annotations in Spring?
@Component: A generic annotation for any Spring-managed bean.
@Repository: Specializes @Component for persistence-layer beans, enabling exception translation.
@Service: Specializes @Component for service-layer beans.

22. What is DispatcherServlet and ContextLoaderListener?

DispatcherServlet: The main servlet in Spring MVC that handles incoming HTTP requests.
ContextLoaderListener: Initializes the root application context for a Spring application.

23. What is ViewResolver in Spring?

ViewResolver is responsible for resolving view names to actual views (like JSPs, Thymeleaf templates).

24. What is a MultipartResolver and when is it used?

A MultipartResolver is used to handle file uploads in Spring MVC applications.

25. How to handle exceptions in Spring MVC Framework?

You can use @ExceptionHandler, @ControllerAdvice, or ResponseEntityExceptionHandler for global or specific excep

26. How to create ApplicationContext in a Java Program?

ApplicationContext can be created using the AnnotationConfigApplicationContext or ClassPathXmlApplicationContex

27. Can we have multiple Spring configuration files?

Yes, Spring allows you to have multiple configuration files. You can combine them using @Import or ApplicationCont

28. What is ContextLoaderListener?

ContextLoaderListener is a listener that initializes the root application context in a Spring web application.

29. What are the minimum configurations needed to create Spring MVC application?
DispatcherServlet configuration in web.xml.
Context configuration (either XML or annotation-based).
ViewResolver configuration.

30. How would you relate Spring MVC Framework to MVC architecture?
Spring MVC implements the Model-View-Controller design pattern, where:
Model: Represents data and business logic.
View: Displays the model's data.
Controller: Handles user input and returns the appropriate view.

31. How to achieve localization in Spring MVC applications?

Localization in Spring MVC can be achieved by using MessageSource for managing localized messages and defining L

32. How can we use Spring to create Restful Web Service returning JSON response?
You can use @RestController along with @RequestMapping or @GetMapping for creating RESTful services that retur

33. What are some of the important Spring annotations you have used?
@Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller
@Autowired, @Qualifier, @Value
@RequestMapping, @GetMapping, @PostMapping
@ResponseBody, @RestController
@Transactional, @PostConstruct

34. Can we send an Object as the response of Controller handler method?

Yes, objects can be returned, and Spring will automatically convert them into the appropriate response format (JSON

35. How to upload file in Spring MVC Application?

You can use MultipartFile in your controller method to handle file uploads.

36. How to validate form data in Spring Web MVC Framework?

Use annotations like @NotNull, @Size, @Email on form model classes, and @Valid in the controller method to validat

37. What is Spring MVC Interceptor and how to use it?

Interceptors allow pre-processing and post-processing of requests. You can define them in the configuration class by

38. What is Spring JdbcTemplate class and how to use it?

JdbcTemplate simplifies JDBC operations like querying, updating, and executing stored procedures, without the need

39. How to use Tomcat JNDI DataSource in Spring Web Application?

Configure a DataSource in the context.xml of Tomcat and access it in Spring through JndiObjectFactoryBean.

40. How would you achieve Transaction Management in Spring?

Use the @Transactional annotation for declarative transaction management, or use PlatformTransactionManager fo

41. What is Spring DAO?

Spring DAO (Data Access Object) is a pattern that simplifies database interaction using Spring’s JDBC and ORM suppo

42. How to integrate Spring and Hibernate Frameworks?

You can integrate Spring with Hibernate by configuring a SessionFactory bean and using HibernateTemplate or JPA r

43. What is Spring Security?

Spring Security is a framework that provides authentication, authorization, and other security features for Java applic

44. How to inject a java.util.Properties into a Spring Bean?

You can inject a java.util.Properties file into a Spring bean using @Value or XML configuration.

45. Name some of the design patterns used in Spring Framework?

Singleton
Factory Method
Proxy
Observer
Template Method
Strategy

46. What are some of the best practices for Spring Framework?
Use DI to decouple components.
Keep beans small and focused.
Use @Transactional for declarative transaction management.
Avoid using Singleton beans for stateful objects.
Leverage Spring's AOP for cross-cutting concerns.
Ensure proper exception handling and validation in controllers.