DASTRUC
Programming in Python
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you will:
➢ Review the fundamentals of computer programming
➢ Review the Three Basic Programming Structures
➢ Explain the difference between compilation and
interpretation
➢ Identify essential differences between Python and Java
➢ Be able to create and execute a Python program
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Computer Programming
- Writing instruction or code that a computer can execute to
perform specific tasks.
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Algorithm
- A step-by-step to solve a problem or performing a
computation.
Flowchart
- Visual tools that understand and represent processes using
symbols such as arrows, rectangles and diamonds show
steps and decision clearly.
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Programming Languages
- Languages are used to write codes
1. Low-Level Languages
- Machine Language uses binary (0 and 1)
- Assembly Code ( short codes)
2. High-Level Languages (e.g. C, Java, Python)
- Easy for human to read,
write, and understand Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Syntax
- Rules defining how code should be written.
Semantics
- Meaning of the written code.
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Different ways to approach programming:
Procedural Programming (C, Pascal)
- Uses functions and procedures.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) (Java, Python, C++)
- Uses objects and classes.
Functional Programming (Haskell, Lisp)
- Uses mathematical functions
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Variables
- store values in memory.
- characteristics or attribute that can take on different
values or be measured.
Data types
- define the kind of data (e.g., int, float, string, boolean).
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Operators
- Used for computations:
Arithmetic Operators
- Basic Mathematical Calculations (+, -, *, /)
Relational Operators
- Comparing two values and return true or false (==, !=,
<, >)
Logical Operators
- Combining or modify Boolean expression (&&, ||, !)
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Functions
- Reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task.
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Program Development Process
1.Problem Definition – Understanding what needs to be solved.
2.Algorithm Design – Creating a step-by-step solution.
3.Coding – Writing the program using a programming language.
4.Compilation & Execution – Converting code into machine-readable form.
5.Testing & Debugging – Finding and fixing errors.
6.Maintenance – Updating and improving the program.
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Debugging and Error Handling
- Finding and fixing error (bugs) in code.
Syntax Errors
- Syntax violations that prevent code from executing
Logical Errors
- Incorrect logical flaws that leads to unintended behavior in
the program.
Runtime Errors
- Errors that occur while the program is running
Data Structure
Fundamental of Computer Programming
Computer Programming
Writing instruction or code that a computer can execute to
perform specific tasks.
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Basic Programming Structures
1. Sequence Structure
2. Selection (Decision) Structure
3. Repetition (Loop) Structure
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Sequence Structure
Simplest structure where the execution of code line by
line or one after another in a linear order.
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Sequence Structure
print("Welcome to Python Programming")
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print(f"Hello, {name}! Have a great day!")
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Selection (Decision) Structure
Deciding whether the given condition is true or false,
this involves decision-making using conditional
statement (if, if-else, elif)
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Selection (Decision) Structure – If else
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are eligible to vote.")
else:
print("You are not eligible to vote.")
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Selection (Decision) Structure - elif
score = int(input("Enter your score: "))
if score >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif score >= 80:
print("Grade: B")
elif score >= 70:
print("Grade: C")
else:
print("Grade: F")
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Repetition (Loop) Structure
a statement is repeated again and again until the
given condition is satisfied, using loops (for,
while)
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Repetition (Loop) Structure – For Loop
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
Data Structure
Three Basic Programming Structures
Repetition (Loop) Structure – While Loop
num = 1 while num <= 5:
print(num)
num += 1
Data Structure
The Difference between Compilation and Interpretation
Compilation
- Translate the codes into machine
code (binary code)
- Errors are detected before the
execution.
Data Structure
The Difference between Compilation and Interpretation
Interpretation
- Translate and execute the source
code line by line.
- Errors are detected during
execution
Data Structure
Essential Differences between Python and Java
Both Python and Java are both popular programming languages.
Java
- Faster language
Python
- Simpler and easier to learn
Data Structure
Essential Differences between Python and Java
Java
- Syntax Strict with using curly braces {} and semicolons.
- Compiled into bytecode
- Executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
- High Performance, developing large-scale applications
like enterprise software.
Data Structure
Essential Differences between Python and Java
Python
- Simple and easy to read
- Interpreted languages (executed line by line)
- Best for automation, data science, AI, and
web development)
Data Structure
Essential Differences between Python and Java
Python
Print(“Hello, World!”)
Java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!"); }}
Data Structure
Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
What is a List?
• Most basic structure for storing and accessing a collection of
data
• is a mutable sequence container that can
change size as items are added or removed.
• It is an abstract data type that is
implemented using an array structure to store the items
contained in the list
• They helped you keep related data together and perform the
same operations on several values at once.
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Add Items in Lists – using append
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Add Items in Lists – using insert
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Remove an Item from a List
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Change a Value from a list
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Combining Lists
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access a List
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access a List – Indexing and
Splitting
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access a List – Indexing and
Splitting
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access a List – Indexing and
Splitting
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access a List – Indexing and
Splitting
• sub-list of the list using the following syntax.
list_variable(start:stop:step)
• The start denotes the starting index position of the list.
• The stop denotes the last index position of the list.
• The step is used to skip the nth element within a start:stop
DASTRUC
Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access a List – Indexing and
Splitting
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Method
List – Built-In Function
Description
append() Adds an element at the end of the list
clear() Removes all the elements from the list
copy() Returns a copy of the list
count() Returns the number of elements with the specified
value
extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end
of the current list
index() Returns the index of the first element with the
specified value
insert() Adds an element at the specified position
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
List – Built-In Function
Method Description
pop() Removes the element at the specified position
remove() Removes the first item with the specified value
reverse() Reverses the order of the list
sort() Sorts the list
len() Calculate the length of the list.
min() Returns the minimum element of the list
max() Returns the maximum element of the list
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
A string is a sequence of characters and
can be thought of as a type of array.
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
What is a Tuple?
• Similar to lists – they allow you to display an
ordered sequence of elements.
• However, they are immutable, and you can’t
change the values stored in a tuple.
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Examples
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
What is a Dictionary?
• is used to store the data in a key-value pair format. These key-
value pairs offer a great way of organizing and storing data in
Python.
• an unordered collection of key-value pairs. It is a data structure
that allows you to store and retrieve values based on a unique
key
• is a mutable sequence container that can
change size as items are added or removed.
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Creating an empty dictionary and adding
values
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Creating an empty dictionary and adding
values
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Defining a dictionary and printing values
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
How to Access values in a dictionary
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Change Item Value in Dictionary
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Looping through the dictionary
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Dictionary – Built-In Function
Method Description
clear() Removes all the items from the dictionary
copy() Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
get() Returns the value for the specified key if the key is in the
dictionary, else returns the default value.
items() Returns a list of the dictionary's (key, value) tuple pairs.
keys() Returns a list of all the keys in the dictionary.
values() Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary
pop() Eliminates the element using the defined key
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Arrays (Lists, Tuple, Dictionary)
Dictionary – Built-In Function
Method Description
popitem() Removes the most recent key-value pair
entered
setdefault() Returns the value for the specified key if the
key is in the dictionary, else sets the key with
the default value and returns the default value.
update() Updates the dictionary with the key/value pairs
from the specified dictionary or an iterable of
key/value pairs.
len() Calculate the length of the dictionary.
del Deleting an item in a dictionary Ex:
del Employee["Name"]
DASTRUC
References
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/basics-of-computer-programming-for-beginners/
• https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/algorithm
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/an-introduction-to-flowcharts/
• https://www.coursera.org/articles/what-is-programming
• https://www.coursera.org/articles/python-vs-
java?utm_medium=sem&utm_source=gg&utm_campaign=b2c_apac_x_coursera
_ftcof_career-academy_cx_dr_bau_gg_pmax_gc_s2_all_m_hyb_24-
08_x&campaignid=21573875733&adgroupid=&device=c&keyword=&matchtype=
&network=x&devicemodel=&creativeid=&assetgroupid=6544910561&targetid=&
extensionid=&placement=&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwhYS_BhD2ARIsAJTMM
QYWyjg2nBnY0U1r_u0_2ZVPlOaszB_-
Me9rdDPB_XAR5vFIDndUFP0aAvwzEALw_wcB
• https://dev.to/idurar/debugging-and-error-handling-mastering-the-art-of-
software-stability-15nh
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