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NumPy Basics With Examples

The document is a comprehensive guide for beginners to learn NumPy, a fundamental package for scientific computing in Python. It covers installation, array creation, properties, and various operations including mathematical functions and indexing. The guide also includes practical examples and explanations of key concepts such as broadcasting and array types.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

4 views33 pages

NumPy Basics With Examples

Uploaded by

i240608

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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NumPy Basics Guide

NumPy Basics

<h1>Complete NumPy Beginner's Guide</h1>

<h2>Table of Contents</h2>

<ol>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction to NumPy</a></li>
<li><a href="#importing">Installing and Importing NumPy</a></li>
<li><a href="#creating-arrays">Creating Arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#array-properties">Array Properties</a></li>
<li><a href="#data-types">Array Data Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#shapes-dimensions">Array Shapes and Dimensions</a></li>
<li><a href="#array-operations">Array Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#stacking">Stacking and Combining Arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#mathematical-operations">Mathematical Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#special-arrays">Special Arrays</a></li>
<li><a href="#random-numbers">Random Numbers</a></li>
<li><a href="#indexing">Array Indexing and Slicing</a></li>
<li><a href="#broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>
<li><a href="#common-functions">Common Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#practice-examples">Practice Examples</a></li>
</ol>

<hr />

<h2>1. Introduction to NumPy {#introduction}</h2>

NumPy (Numerical Python) is the fundamental package for scientific

computing in Python. It provides:
- A powerful N-dimensional array object
- Sophisticated broadcasting functions
- Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
- Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities

<h3>Why Use NumPy?</h3>

<ul>
<li>Performance: NumPy arrays are much faster than Python lists</li>
<li>Memory Efficient: Uses less memory than Python lists</li>
<li>Mathematical Operations: Built-in mathematical functions</li>
<li>Broadcasting: Perform operations on arrays of different shapes</li>
</ul>

<hr />

<h2>2. Installing and Importing NumPy {#importing}</h2>

<h3>Installation</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
NumPy Basics Guide
<pre>pip install numpy
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Importing</h3>

The np alias is a standard convention used by the NumPy community.

<hr />

<h2>3. Creating Arrays {#creating-arrays}</h2>

<h3>3.1 From Python Lists</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># 1D array from list
py1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr1d = np.array(py1)
print(arr1d) # [1 2 3 4 5 6]

# 2D array from nested lists

py2 = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9], [1, 2, 3, 4]]
arr2d = np.array(py2)
print(arr2d)
# [[1 2 3 4]
# [6 7 8 9]
NumPy Basics Guide
# [1 2 3 4]]
</pre>
</div>

<h3>3.2 Using Built-in Functions</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Array of zeros
zeros_arr = np.zeros((3, 4)) # 3x4 array of zeros
print(zeros_arr)

# Array of ones

ones_arr = np.ones((2, 3)) # 2x3 array of ones
print(ones_arr)

# Array with specific value

full_arr = np.full((2, 2), 7) # 2x2 array filled with 7
print(full_arr)

# Identity matrix

identity = np.eye(3) # 3x3 identity
matrix
print(identity)

# Range of numbers

range_arr = np.arange(0, 10, 2) #
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
print(range_arr)

# Evenly spaced numbers

linspace_arr = np.linspace(0, 1, 5) # 5 numbers from 0 to 1
print(linspace_arr) # [0. 0.25 0.5
0.75 1. ]
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>4. Array Properties {#array-properties}</h2>

<h3>4.1 Basic Properties</h3>

# Shape - dimensions of the array

print(arr.shape) # (2, 4) - 2 rows, 4 columns

# Size - total number of elements

print(arr.size) # 8

# Number of dimensions

print(arr.ndim) # 2

# Data type

print(arr.dtype) # int64 (may vary by system)

# Memory usage

print(arr.nbytes) # bytes used by the array
</pre>
</div>
NumPy Basics Guide
<h3>4.2 Checking Array Information</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Get detailed info about array
def array_info(arr):
print(f"Shape: {arr.shape}")
print(f"Size: {arr.size}")
print(f"Dimensions: {arr.ndim}")
print(f"Data type: {arr.dtype}")
print(f"Memory usage: {arr.nbytes} bytes")

arr = np<span

class="o">.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
array_info(arr)
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>5. Array Data Types {#data-types}</h2>

<h3>5.1 Common Data Types</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Integer types
int_arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.int32)
print(int_arr.dtype) # int32

# Float types

float_arr = np.array([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype=np.float64)
print(float_arr.dtype) # float64

# Boolean type

bool_arr = np.array([True, False, True], dtype=np.bool_)
print(bool_arr.dtype) # bool

# String type

str_arr = np.array(['a', 'b', 'c'], dtype='U1')
print(str_arr.dtype) # <U1
</pre>
</div>

<h3>5.2 Type Conversion</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Convert between types
float_arr = np.array([1.7, 2.8, 3.9])
int_arr = float_arr.astype(np.int32)
NumPy Basics Guide
print(float_arr) # [1.7 2.8
3.9]
print(int_arr) # [1 2 3] - truncated, not rounded

# Explicit type specification during creation

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3], dtype=np.float32)
print(arr.dtype) # float32
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>6. Array Shapes and Dimensions {#shapes-dimensions}</h2>

<h3>6.1 Understanding Shape</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># 1D array
arr1d = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(f"1D Shape: {arr1d.shape}") # (4,)

# 2D array

arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print(f"2D Shape: {arr2d.shape}") # (2, 3)
NumPy Basics Guide
# 3D array
arr3d = np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4]], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]])
print(f"3D Shape: {arr3d.shape}") # (2, 2, 2)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>6.2 Reshaping Arrays</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Original array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
print(f"Original: {arr.shape}") # (6,)

# Reshape to 2D

reshaped = arr.reshape(2, 3)
print(f"Reshaped: {reshaped.shape}") # (2, 3)
print(reshaped)
# [[1 2 3]
# [4 5 6]]

# Reshape to 3D

reshaped_3d = arr.reshape(2, 1, 3)
print(f"3D Reshaped: {reshaped_3d.shape}") # (2, 1, 3)

# Use -1 for automatic dimension calculation

auto_reshape = arr.reshape(3, -1) #
3 rows, auto-calculate columns
print(f"Auto reshape: {auto_reshape.shape}") # (3, 2)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>6.3 Flattening Arrays</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># 2D array
arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

# Flatten to 1D

flattened = arr2d.flatten()
print(flattened) # [1 2 3 4 5
6]

# Alternative: ravel (returns view when possible)

raveled = arr2d.ravel()
print(raveled) # [1 2 3 4 5 6]
</pre>
</div>
NumPy Basics Guide
<hr />

<h2>7. Array Operations {#array-operations}</h2>

<h3>7.1 Element-wise Operations</h3>

# Basic arithmetic

print(arr1 + arr2) # [ 6 8 10 12]
print(arr1 - arr2) # [-4 -4 -4 -4]
print(arr1 * arr2) # [ 5 12 21 32]
print(arr1 / arr2) # [0.2 0.33 0.43 0.5]
print(arr1 ** arr2) # [1 64 2187 65536]

# Operations with scalars

print(arr1 + 10) # [11 12 13 14]
print(arr1 * 2) # [2 4 6 8]
</pre>
</div>

<h3>7.2 Comparison Operations</h3>

print(arr1 <span

class="o">== arr2) # [ True False False True]
print(arr1 > arr2) # [False False True False]
print(arr1 < 3) # [ True True False False]
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>8. Stacking and Combining Arrays {#stacking}</h2>

<h3>8.1 Horizontal and Vertical Stacking</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>arr1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9], [1, 2, 3, 4]])
ones_column = np.ones((3, 1))

# Horizontal stacking (column-wise)

h_stacked = np.hstack((arr1, ones_column))
print("Horizontal
stacking:")
print(h_stacked)
# [[1. 2. 3. 4. 1.]
NumPy Basics Guide
# [6. 7. 8. 9. 1.]
# [1. 2. 3. 4. 1.]]

# Vertical stacking (row-wise)

new_row = np.array([[10, 11, 12, 13]])
v_stacked = np.vstack((arr1, new_row))
print("Vertical
stacking:")
print(v_stacked)

# Alternative methods

concatenated = np.concatenate((arr1, ones_column), axis=1) #
axis=1 for horizontal
print("Concatenated
(horizontal):")
print(concatenated)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>8.2 Array Splitting</h3>

# Split into equal parts

split_arrays = np.split(arr, 4) # Split into 4
parts
print("Split
arrays:", split_arrays)

# Split 2D array

arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])
hsplit_result = np.hsplit(arr2d, 2) # Split
horizontally
vsplit_result = np.vsplit(arr2d, 3) # Split vertically
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>9. Mathematical Operations {#mathematical-operations}</h2>

<h3>9.1 Basic Math Functions</h3>

# Square root

print(np.sqrt(arr)) # [1. 2. 3. 4.
5.]

# Exponential

print(np.exp(arr)) # [2.718...
54.598... etc.]
NumPy Basics Guide
# Logarithm
print(np.log(arr)) # [0. 1.386...
2.197... etc.]

# Trigonometric functions

angles = np.array([0, np.pi/2, np.pi])
print(np.sin(angles)) # [0. 1. 0.]
print(np.cos(angles)) # [1. 0.
-1.]
</pre>
</div>

<h3>9.2 Statistical Functions</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])

# Basic statistics

print(f"Sum: {np.sum(arr)}") # 45
print(f"Mean: {np.mean(arr)}") # 5.0
print(f"Median: {np.median(arr)}") # 5.0
NumPy Basics Guide
print(f"Standard deviation: {np.std(arr)}") # 2.58...
print(f"Variance: {np.var(arr)}") # 6.67...

# Along specific axes

print(f"Sum along rows (axis=0): {np.sum(arr,
axis=0)}") # [12 15 18]
print(f"Sum along columns (axis=1): {np.sum(arr,
axis=1)}") # [ 6 15 24]

# Min and max

print(f"Min: {np.min(arr)}") # 1
print(f"Max: {np.max(arr)}") # 9
print(f"Argmin: {np.argmin(arr)}") # 0 (index of min
element)
print(f"Argmax: {np.argmax(arr)}") # 8 (index of max
element)
NumPy Basics Guide
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>10. Special Arrays {#special-arrays}</h2>

<h3>10.1 Identity and Diagonal Arrays</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Identity matrix
identity_3x3 = np.eye(3)
print("3x3 Identity
matrix:")
print(identity_3x3)

# Identity with different dimensions

identity_rect = np.eye(3, 4) # 3 rows, 4 columns
print("3x4
Identity-like matrix:")
print(identity_rect)

# Diagonal matrix

diagonal_values = [1, 2, 3, 4]
diag_matrix = np.diag(diagonal_values)
print("Diagonal
matrix:")
print(diag_matrix)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>10.2 Other Special Arrays</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Array of constants
constant_array = np.full((3, 3), 42)
print("Array filled
with 42:")
print(constant_array)

# Empty array (uninitialized)

empty_array = np.empty((2, 2)) # Values are
arbitrary
print("Empty array
(arbitrary values):")
print(empty_array)

# Array like another array

template = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
zeros_like = np.zeros_like(template)
ones_like = np.ones_like(template)
print("Zeros like
template:")
print(zeros_like)
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>11. Random Numbers {#random-numbers}</h2>

<h3>11.1 Basic Random Generation</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Set seed for reproducibility
np.random.seed(42)

# Random floats between 0 and 1

random_floats = np.random.rand(3, 3)
print("Random
floats (0-1):")
print(random_floats)

# Random integers

random_ints = np.random.randint(1, 10, size=(2, 3)) # 1-9, 2x3 array
print("Random
integers (1-9):")
print(random_ints)

# Random from normal distribution

normal_random = np.random.randn(1000) # 1000 samples from
standard normal
print(f"Normal random - Mean: {np.mean(normal_random):.3f}, Std: {np.std(normal_random):.3f}")

# Random choice from array

choices = np.array(['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date'])
random_choice = np.random.choice(choices, size=5)
print("Random
choices:", random_choice)
NumPy Basics Guide
</pre>
</div>

<h3>11.2 Advanced Random Operations</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Shuffle array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
np.random.shuffle(arr) # Modifies original
array
print("Shuffled
array:", arr)

# Random sample without replacement

original = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
sample = np.random.choice(original, size=5, replace=False)
print("Random
sample (no replacement):", sample)

# Random with specific distribution

uniform_random = np.random.uniform(10, 20, size=5) # Uniform between
10-20
print("Uniform
random (10-20):", uniform_random)
NumPy Basics Guide
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>12. Array Indexing and Slicing {#indexing}</h2>

<h3>12.1 Basic Indexing</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># 1D array indexing
arr1d = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
print(arr1d[0]) # 10 (first element)
print(arr1d[-1]) # 50 (last element)
print(arr1d[1:4]) # [20 30 40]
(slice)

# 2D array indexing

arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
print(arr2d[0, 0]) # 1 (first row, first
column)
print(arr2d[1, 2]) # 6 (second row, third
column)
print(arr2d[-1, -1]) # 9 (last row, last column)
</pre>
</div>
NumPy Basics Guide

<h3>12.2 Advanced Slicing</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12]])

# Row slicing

print("First two
rows:")
print(arr2d[:2]) # First 2 rows

# Column slicing

print("First two
columns:")
print(arr2d[:, :2]) # All rows, first 2 columns

# Combined slicing

print("Subarray
(rows 1-2, columns 1-3):")
print(arr2d[1:3, 1:4]) #
Rows 1-2, columns 1-3

# Step slicing

print("Every other
element:")
print(arr2d[::2, ::2]) # Every other row and column
</pre>
</div>

<h3>12.3 Boolean Indexing</h3>

# Boolean condition

condition = arr
> 5
print("Elements
> 5:", arr[condition]) # [6 7 8 9 10]

# Complex conditions

complex_condition = (arr > 3) & (arr < 8)
print("Elements
between 3 and 8:", arr[complex_condition])
# [4 5 6 7]

# Modify elements based on condition

arr[arr > 7] = 0 # Set elements > 7 to
0
print("After
modification:", arr)
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>13. Broadcasting {#broadcasting}</h2>

Broadcasting allows NumPy to perform operations on arrays with different shapes.

<h3>13.1 Basic Broadcasting</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Scalar with array
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
result = arr + 10 # 10 is broadcast to
each element
print(result) # [11 12 13 14]

# 1D array with 2D array

<h3>13.2 Broadcasting Rules</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Compatible shapes for broadcasting
arr1 = np.array([[1, 2, 3]]) # Shape: (1, 3)
arr2 = np.array([[1], [2], [3]]) # Shape: (3, 1)
result = arr1 + arr2 # Result
shape: (3, 3)
print("Broadcasting
result:")
print(result)
NumPy Basics Guide

# Demonstrating broadcasting behavior

print("Original
arrays:")
print("arr1
shape:", arr1.shape, "\narr1:", arr1)
print("arr2
shape:", arr2.shape, "\narr2:", arr2)
print("Result
shape:", result.shape)
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>14. Common Functions {#common-functions}</h2>

<h3>14.1 Array Manipulation</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Transpose
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
transposed = arr.T
print("Original
shape:", arr.shape) # (2, 3)
print("Transposed
shape:", transposed.shape) # (3, 2)

# Reverse array

arr1d = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
reversed_arr = arr1d[::-1]
print("Reversed:", reversed_arr) # [5 4 3 2
1]

# Sort array

unsorted = np.array([3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6])
sorted_arr = np.sort(unsorted)
print("Sorted:", sorted_arr) # [1 1 2 3 4 5 6
9]

# Find unique elements

unique_elements = np.unique(unsorted)
print("Unique
elements:", unique_elements) # [1 2 3 4 5
6 9]
</pre>
</div>

<h3>14.2 Searching and Counting</h3>

# Find indices where condition is true

indices = np.where(arr == 2)
print("Indices
where arr == 2:", indices[0]) #
[1 3 5]

# Count non-zero elements

count_nonzero = np.count_nonzero(arr > 2)
print("Count of
elements > 2:", count_nonzero) # 3

# Any and all

print("Any element
> 4:", np.any(arr > 4)) # True
print("All elements
> 0:", np.all(arr > 0)) # True
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>15. Practice Examples {#practice-examples}</h2>

<h3>Example 1: Matrix Operations</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Create two matrices
A = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
B = np.array([[5, 6], [7, 8]])

print("Matrix

A:")
NumPy Basics Guide
print(A)
print("Matrix
B:")
print(B)

# Element-wise multiplication

elementwise = A
* B
print("Element-wise
multiplication:")
print(elementwise)

# Matrix multiplication (dot product)

matrix_mult = np.dot(A, B)
print("Matrix
multiplication:")
print(matrix_mult)

# Or using @ operator (Python 3.5+)

matrix_mult_alt = A
@ B
print("Matrix
multiplication (@ operator):")
print(matrix_mult_alt)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Example 2: Data Analysis Simulation</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Simulate student grades
np.random.seed(42)
students = 100
subjects = 5

# Generate random grades (0-100)

grades = np.random.randint(50, 101, size=(students, subjects))

print(f<span

class="s2">"Grades array shape: {grades.shape}")
print("First 5
students' grades:")
print(grades[:5])

# Calculate statistics

average_per_student = np.mean(grades, axis=1)
average_per_subject = np.mean(grades, axis=0)

print(f<span

class="s2">"\nOverall class
average: {np.mean(grades):.2f}")
print(f"Highest average student: {np.max(average_per_student):.2f}")
print(f"Lowest average student: {np.min(average_per_student):.2f}")
print(f"Subject averages: {average_per_subject}")

# Find students with average > 85

high_performers = np.where(average_per_student >
85)[0]
print(f"\nNumber of high
performers (>85 average): {len(high_performers)}")
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Example 3: Image Processing Basics</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre># Simulate a small grayscale image (0-255 pixel
values)
image = np.random.randint(0, 256, size=(10, 10), dtype=np.uint8)

print("Original

image (10x10):")
print(image)

# Image processing operations

# Brighten image (add 50 to all pixels, clip to max 255)
brightened = np.clip(image + 50, 0, 255)

# Apply threshold (binary image)

threshold = 128
binary = np.where(image > threshold, 255, 0)

# Calculate image statistics

print(f"\nImage
statistics:")
print(f"Min pixel value: {np.min(image)}")
print(f"Max pixel value: {np.max(image)}")
print(f"Mean pixel value: {np.mean(image):.2f}")
print(f"Pixels above threshold ({threshold}): {np.sum(image
> threshold)}")
</pre>
</div>

<hr />

<h2>Key Tips for NumPy Beginners</h2>

<h3>1. Memory Efficiency</h3>

<ul>
<li>NumPy arrays use less memory than Python lists</li>
<li>Operations are vectorized and much faster</li>
<li>Avoid loops when possible, use NumPy functions instead</li>
</ul>

<h3>2. Shape Awareness</h3>

<ul>
<li>Always check array shapes when debugging: print(arr.shape)</li>
<li>Use reshape() to change dimensions</li>
<li>Remember that operations need compatible shapes</li>
</ul>

<h3>3. Data Types Matter</h3>

<ul>
<li>Specify data types when creating arrays for memory efficiency</li>
<li>Use astype() to convert between types</li>
<li>Be aware of precision loss when converting float to int</li>
</ul>
NumPy Basics Guide

<h3>4. Common Pitfalls</h3>

<ul>
<li>Array assignment creates views, not copies (use copy() for independent arrays)</li>
<li>Boolean indexing returns a copy, not a view</li>
<li>Division by zero returns inf or nan, not an error</li>
</ul>

<h3>5. Performance Tips</h3>

<ul>
<li>Use vectorized operations instead of loops</li>
<li>Pre-allocate arrays when possible</li>
<li>Use appropriate data types (float32 vs float64)</li>
</ul>

<hr />

<h2>Conclusion</h2>

This guide covers the fundamental concepts of NumPy that every beginner should know.
NumPy is the foundation for many other scientific Python libraries like pandas,
scikit-learn, and matplotlib. Master these basics, and you'll be well-prepared for more
advanced data science and scientific computing tasks.

Remember to practice with real data and experiment with different functions to
solidify your understanding. The NumPy documentation (https://numpy.org/doc/) is an
excellent resource for deeper exploration of specific functions and advanced topics.

<hr />

Happy coding with NumPy!

<h3>Example: Creating a NumPy Array</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>import numpy as
np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(arr)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Example: Array Shape and Reshape</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
NumPy Basics Guide
<pre>arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print("Shape:", arr.shape)
reshaped = arr.reshape((3, 2))
print("Reshaped:
", reshaped)
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Example: Array Operations</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
print("Sum:", a
+ b)
print("Dot
Product:", np.dot(a, b))
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Example: Indexing and Slicing</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40])
NumPy Basics Guide
print("First
Element:", arr[0])
print("Slice:", arr[1:3])
</pre>
</div>

<h3>Example: Creating Arrays with Zeros, Ones, and Random</h3>

<div class="codehilite">
<pre>print("Zeros:
", np.zeros((2, 2)))
print("Ones:
", np.ones((2, 2)))
print("Random:
", np.random.rand(2, 2))
</pre>
</div>

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NumPy Basics With Examples

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NumPy Basics With Examples

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NumPy Basics Guide

<h1>Complete NumPy Beginner's Guide</h1>

<h2>1. Introduction to NumPy {#introduction}</h2>

<p><strong>NumPy</strong> (Numerical Python) is the fundamental package for scientific

<h3>Why Use NumPy?</h3>

<h2>2. Installing and Importing NumPy {#importing}</h2>

<p>The np alias is a standard convention used by the NumPy community.</p>

<h2>3. Creating Arrays {#creating-arrays}</h2>

<h3>3.1 From Python Lists</h3>

<span class="c1"># 2D array from nested lists</span>

<h3>3.2 Using Built-in Functions</h3>

<span class="c1"># Array of ones</span>

<span class="c1"># Array with specific value</span>

<span class="c1"># Identity matrix</span>

<span class="c1"># Range of numbers</span>

<span class="c1"># Evenly spaced numbers</span>

<h2>4. Array Properties {#array-properties}</h2>

<h3>4.1 Basic Properties</h3>

<span class="c1"># Shape - dimensions of the array</span>

<span class="c1"># Size - total number of elements</span>

<span class="c1"># Number of dimensions</span>

<span class="c1"># Data type</span>

<span class="c1"># Memory usage</span>

<span class="n">arr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span

<h2>5. Array Data Types {#data-types}</h2>

<h3>5.1 Common Data Types</h3>

<span class="c1"># Float types</span>

<span class="c1"># Boolean type</span>

<span class="c1"># String type</span>

<h3>5.2 Type Conversion</h3>

<span class="c1"># Explicit type specification during creation</span>

<h2>6. Array Shapes and Dimensions {#shapes-dimensions}</h2>

<h3>6.1 Understanding Shape</h3>

<span class="c1"># 2D array</span>

<h3>6.2 Reshaping Arrays</h3>

<span class="c1"># Reshape to 2D</span>

<span class="c1"># Reshape to 3D</span>

<span class="c1"># Use -1 for automatic dimension calculation</span>

<h3>6.3 Flattening Arrays</h3>

<span class="c1"># Flatten to 1D</span>

<span class="c1"># Alternative: ravel (returns view when possible)</span>

<h2>7. Array Operations {#array-operations}</h2>

<h3>7.1 Element-wise Operations</h3>

<span class="c1"># Basic arithmetic</span>

<span class="c1"># Operations with scalars</span>

<h3>7.2 Comparison Operations</h3>

<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr1</span> <span

<h2>8. Stacking and Combining Arrays {#stacking}</h2>

<h3>8.1 Horizontal and Vertical Stacking</h3>

<span class="c1"># Horizontal stacking (column-wise)</span>

<span class="c1"># Vertical stacking (row-wise)</span>

<span class="c1"># Alternative methods</span>

<h3>8.2 Array Splitting</h3>

<span class="c1"># Split into equal parts</span>

<span class="c1"># Split 2D array</span>

<h2>9. Mathematical Operations {#mathematical-operations}</h2>

<h3>9.1 Basic Math Functions</h3>

<span class="c1"># Square root</span>

<span class="c1"># Exponential</span>

<span class="c1"># Trigonometric functions</span>

<h3>9.2 Statistical Functions</h3>

<span class="c1"># Basic statistics</span>

<span class="c1"># Along specific axes</span>

<span class="c1"># Min and max</span>

<h2>10. Special Arrays {#special-arrays}</h2>

<h3>10.1 Identity and Diagonal Arrays</h3>

<span class="c1"># Identity with different dimensions</span>

<span class="c1"># Diagonal matrix</span>

<h3>10.2 Other Special Arrays</h3>

<span class="c1"># Empty array (uninitialized)</span>

<span class="c1"># Array like another array</span>

<h2>11. Random Numbers {#random-numbers}</h2>

<h3>11.1 Basic Random Generation</h3>

<span class="c1"># Random floats between 0 and 1</span>

<span class="c1"># Random integers</span>

<span class="c1"># Random from normal distribution</span>

<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Matrix

<span class="c1"># Find students with average > 85</span>

<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Original