LITERATURE REVIEW

Fei et.al. (2018) conducted a study on Analysis on the Dynamic Characteristics of a

Tensioned Double-beam System with a Semi Theoretical Semi Numerical Method. This
study looks into the dynamic properties of a tensioned, inclined double-beam system. The sag,
inclination, additional axial force, were some of the factors taken into account. The vibration
mode functions were obtained by solving the differential equations. The global stiffness matrix
of the system was also generated. The solution of frequency equations are the modal
frequencies of the system. The MATLAB software is used to solve the frequency equation.
This function, which is mostly used to solve nonlinear equations with transcendental functions,
converts the root finding procedure of a nonlinear equation into a nonlinear optimization
problem based on the trust region optimization technique. It shows that the proposed semi
theoretical semi numerical methods can give an accurate solution for the double beam system.

Y Yu et.al. (2011) conducted a study on Finite Particle Method for Progressive Failure
Simulation of Truss Structures. This paper presents the finite particle method (FPM), a
structural analysis methodology for simulating structure failure. A failure modelling algorithm
and a failure criterion based on the ideal plastic constitutive model are proposed utilizing FPM
in order to simulate the failure of truss structures. Newton’s second law is used as the governing
equation here. In FPM the structure is discretised as particles and elements in which the particle
is concentrated with structural mass and the elements have no mass. Explicit time integration
method is used to solve the particle motion equations. For computation first give all initial
inputs like initial displacements, external forces and support conditions. Then determine the
forces of each element in its different positions. Update the inputs if they change in course of
time. Matlab is used to obtain the analytical results.

Jones et.al. (2009) conducted a study on Finite difference analysis of simply supported RC
slabs for blast loadings. This paper proposed a finite difference analysis model for the analysis
and design of simply supported structural members subjected to blast loads. An explicit finite
difference method is used here to analyse the response of RC elements subjected to blast
loadings. Here a simply supported beam is taken with both ends hinged. The moment and
transverse displacement at the two supports are zero. The finite difference method is applied to
the Timoshenko beam theory. The Timoshenko beam equation is used as the governing
equation here. For calculating the strain rate along the depth of the cross section, Duhamel
integral is used. The finite difference procedure involves discretization of a member into a

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series of segments joined by nodes to solve the partial differential equations of motion. The
results are also compared using SDOF analysis and Finite Element analysis. The computer
code LSDYNA with the Mat_PSEUDO_TENSOR solid element model was used to perform
the finite element analysis. Only fewer segments are used in the finite difference model than
elements in the finite element model, leading to a substantial reduction in the computational
effort. The finite difference analysis can capture many of the important features of a finite
element analysis, provides accurate results, is computationally efficient and is ideally suited
for routine use in a design office.

Canelon (2009) studied about Pivoting Strategies in the Solution of the Saint-Venant
Equations. This paper researched about the pivoting process for solving the linear system of
equations after discretizing the St. Venant equation. The discretization was done by four-point
implicit scheme. After discretization, Newton Raphson method was applied to the resulting set
of equations. Here, the continuity equation and the equation of motion is taken as the governing
equations. The pivoting process is explained using CanalMan hydraulic model. Originally after
discretizing the St. Venant equation and solving the non-linear equations using NR method, it
converted the system of nonlinear equations in a set of linear equations involving a Jacobian
matrix, or matrix of partial derivatives. In the model it is condensed into a four-column matrix
of mostly nonzero values. The resulting system of linear equations is solved by the Gaussian
elimination algorithm and backward substitution. Pivoting can be performed partially by
exchange of rows only; or fully by exchange of both rows and columns. These matrix
operations are known as partial pivoting and full pivoting, respectively. A case study is carried
out for the canal reach with the weir at the downstream end. The algorithms applied here was
Gaussian elimination with no pivoting; LU decomposition with partial pivoting; and Gauss–
Jordan elimination with full pivoting. The bed slopes were varied and simulations were carried
out. For a bed slope of 0.0001 m/m, the simulation results were identical using all the three
algorithms. For a bed slope of 0.00021 m/m, the iterative process converges using the Gauss
Jordan method.

Fafitis (2005) conducted a study on Non- linear Truss Analysis by One Matrix Inversion.
This paper proposed analysis of trusses with material non linearities and large deformations. In
this article Gauss Elimination Method is used for the matrix inversion. Firstly a global stiffness
matrix is constructed based on the truss geometry. Then the displacement vector due to an
external load is calculated. From the displacement matrix, force matrix is calculated. The strain

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displacement relationship can be used to find out the strains which in turn helps us to find the
stresses using the stress strain relation. As the stress obtained here is based on the stiffness
matrix of linearly elastic truss, it needs correction. A corrective force is applied to each end of
the member to cater for this. The corrective force of all members leads to additional
displacements and from that additional load vector is calculated. In Gauss elimination, the same
row operations that reduce the matrix to lower triangular are performed on the force vectors
simultaneously, and the displacements are obtained from the transformed matrix and the
transformed force vectors by back-substitution. The inversion of the half-banded original
stiffness matrix is done using Gauss elimination performed on the half-banded matrix without
destroying the bandedness, The coefficients for the transformation of the force vector are stored
permanently in a new matrix of size equal to the size of the half-banded original. The procedure
is repeated until the corrective force vector becomes negligible. and the inverted matrix
replaces the original without the need for additional storage.

Mittal and Kurdi (2002) conducted a study about LU-Decomposition and Numerical
Structure for Solving Large Sparse Nonsymmetric Linear Systems. The LU-decomposition
method and the numerical structure approach are used in this study to solve a large sparse linear
system of equations with an arbitrary sparsity pattern. A comparison of LU Decomposition
method and Cramer’s rule is also provided in this paper. Various algorithms are presented for
evaluating the solution using the LU Decomposition method. For solving the equations using
numerical structures, algorithms are defined to find out the determinant of the matrix. Unlike
the LU-decomposition method, the numerical structural technique generates a direct solution
without the need for fill-in issues. Ultimately, eight instances are used in studies to compare
the effectiveness of the suggested approaches. A table presents the acquired results. It is
discovered that numerical structure is much inferior than the LU-decomposition method.

Mehrabi et.al. (1998) studied about Unified Finite Difference Formulation for Free
Vibration of Cables. This paper features a finite difference formulation for the vibration
analysis of structural cables. Non-linear finite analysis is used here but iterative non linear finite
analysis is used for better accuracy. It is seen that through the use of the finite difference
method, the problem can be transformed from a dimensional two-step analysis (geometrically
nonlinear structural analysis plus eigenvalue analysis) into basically a one-step non-
dimensional analysis (eigenvalue analysis). The general formulation is developed for a flat-sag
(sag/span < 1/8) horizontal cable and the supports are assumed to be restrained against
translation, but they can be either free or fixed against rotation. It is also assumed that transverse

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in-plane, transverse out-of plane, and axial vibrations of the cable are uncoupled. The
differential equations obtained are discretised into N divisions and n internal nodes. Hence the
complex problem is converted to a simple eigen value problem. The final formulation for
general cable vibration, including the static profile and the dynamic equation of motion, were
implemented in a computer program and linked to an eigenvalue analysis code (EISPACK
1977). This program can be used to obtain damped and undamped vibration frequencies,
damping ratios, and mode shapes. In comparing the results with the simple relation, less than
035% error was only identified.

Balabanic et.al. (1996) conducted a study on Mathematical Modelling of Electrochemical

Steel Corrosion in Concrete. In this paper a mathematical model for evaluating the corrosion
rate in steel when subjected to sea water is developed. Mathematical models of the transport
mechanisms through the concrete cover that are important for the steel corrosion in concrete
exposed to seawater include the transfer of oxygen, capillary water, chloride ions, and hydroxyl
ions. The diffusion flux can be used to describe the capillary water's transport rate. This article
will treat the transportation of oxygen through concrete as a convective diffusion problem.
Chloride ions are transported through wet concrete by convection, diffusion, and migration.
The movement of charged particles through the electrolyte in the pores of concrete results in
the flow of electric current. An axi-symmetric problem is solved numerically by solving a
system of partial differential equations that characterizes the earlier transport processes. The
numerical solutions of the suggested formulation is obtained using Crank-Nicolson method.
The results of applying the suggested mathematical model for the corrosion of steel in
seawater-exposed concrete demonstrate that the corrosion process in the splash zone proceeds
far more quickly than it does in the case of submerged concrete. When applying this
mathematical model to the splash zone, the maximum corrosion current density achieved is
roughly two orders of magnitude higher than the corrosion current density in the submerged
concrete scenario.

Kiureghian and JB Ke (1988) conducted a study on The Stochastic Finite Element Method
in Structural Reliability. This paper presents the first order SFE reliability approach for linear
structures under static loads. SFE is a finite element method associated with the uncertainties
in the geometric or material properties of the structure. The first order reliability method
requires two algorithmic features. They are computing the load effects for the sequence of
points selected and to compute the Jacobian of the mechanical transformation. This can be

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coded in a FORTRAN program with truss, beam, three-node constant strain, and four-node
quadrilateral elements. Two methods of discretization are investigated here. In one method, the
field value over an element is represented by its value at the midpoint of the element. In the
second method, the value for an element is represented by the spatial average of the process
over the element. A fixed beam with stochastic rigidity and a plate with stochastic elasticity is
tested. It is discovered that the dependability against displacement or stress limit states is
significantly impacted by the correlation length of load fields. For displacement limit states,
the correlation length of property fields is significant; however, it might not be significant for
stress limit states.

Collings and Tee (1978) studied about The Solution of Structural Dynamic Problems by
the Generalised Euler method. In this paper, stiff systems of second order differential
equations are solved using Euler’s method. The vibration of structures subjected to Dynamic
loading is investigated here. The governing second order differential equation here is 𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑐𝑥̇
+ 𝑘𝑥 = P(t). The dynamic investigation is carried out on a three-storey triangular steel-
membered space frames, all having the same basic overall dimensions but with different cross
sectional properties for their constituent members. Two models of the space frame were
selected namely A and B. In Model A the natural period ranges from 0.099 see to 0.21, and in
Model B the range was from 0.005 see to 2.2 sec. The values used for the Rayleigh parameters
were (1.0591,0.00014) in Model A, and (0,0.00155) in Model B. If the Euler parameter is
within the range of 0.5 to 1, the scheme is unconditionally stable. The Euler scheme is very
strong when parameter value is equal to 1. For values less than 0.5 the scheme is stable only
for time steps less than some certain limits, depending upon the damping and the periods of the
system: indeed, the step length must be a small fraction of the shortest natural period of the
system.

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REFERENCES

1) Fei, H., Danhui, D., Cheng, W., & Jia, P. (2018). Analysis on the dynamic characteristic
of a tensioned double-beam system with a semi theoretical semi numerical
method. Composite Structures, 185, 584-599.
2) Yu, Y., Paulino, G. H., & Luo, Y. (2011). Finite particle method for progressive failure
simulation of truss structures. Journal of Structural Engineering, 137(10), 1168-1181.
3) Jones, J., Wu, C., Oehlers, D. J., Whittaker, A. S., Sun, W., Marks, S., & Coppola, R.
(2009). Finite difference analysis of simply supported RC slabs for blast
loadings. Engineering structures, 31(12), 2825-2832.
4) Canelon, D. J. (2009). Pivoting strategies in the solution of the Saint-Venant
equations. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 135(1), 96-101.
5) Fafitis, A. (2005). Nonlinear truss analysis by one matrix inversion. Journal of
Structural Engineering, 131(5), 701-705.
6) Mittal, R. C., & Al-Kurdi, A. (2002). LU-decomposition and numerical structure for
solving large sparse nonsymmetric linear systems. Computers & Mathematics with
Applications, 43(1-2), 131-155.
7) Mehrabi, A. B., & Tabatabai, H. (1998). Unified finite difference formulation for free
vibration of cables. Journal of Structural Engineering, 124(11), 1313-1322.
8) Balabanić, G., Bićanić, N., & Dureković, A. (1996). Mathematical modeling of
electrochemical steel corrosion in concrete. Journal of engineering
mechanics, 122(12), 1113-1122.
9) Der Kiureghian, A., & Ke, J. B. (1988). The stochastic finite element method in
structural reliability. Probabilistic engineering mechanics, 3(2), 83-91.
10) Collings, A. G., & Tee, G. J. (1979). The solution of structural dynamics problems by
the generalized Euler method. Computers & Structures, 10(3), 505-515.