Elec+omagnetic The0y
Tsamsmission line :
thesye should be mo loss n tuansmission line
Tdealls electyical pwpoge.
Eq: Troo toiste +AOn Smisn time is ubed fo
Co-axial tsrom smissin lime Siqnal get atenuted
op+ical fibye tyom smi'sson line.
ohen it poto pagte
Vs
thoiough to m8missicn
SOUH Ce
JLo0d Iime.
2L0iHe tyam Smi3s0m lime mean 8 both conductog
smission Iime
It is balamced tHom aHea.
seconal
have sqme cooS3 -
ed t o Smission Irn
It i3 umbalanc
lme ho
both tan Smissin area.
diffeuent cHoss sectiono
-In sulato oy dielectic
co-axial ton smlssin tme.
dielectic
smi'ssim
Umbaloced tsyqn
gHound Iine.
Ine.
micHo stHip tHem smission
time taken by the 9igmal to
THamsit tme: T+ is the
mt fyom 0me e d to anothe!,
tu am s
B
t4emsit +ne ty= Vs
T>> tu effect of tHen si+ A B'
+ime con be igmo Hed.
simal must be moe toge
À> oave length ef
than length of me
300Hz.In +his cose tan st
MicHot0ave: 3aHz to oill be effective..
A=10cmn
JA:t highe fuequency
change in magnitude of siqn al.
+hese is ignificat tunSit time should be comgjdes1ed
fuequency od dffeuet
A+ higheM get exact value of einal
80thot toe con
poimts
elem ent vs lumped elemet.
Distrbted
wte oheye conected
6f the
lumped e lememt: portion
value.
elememt have fixed
ww
W
Ww
we conmt apply RVE
pauannett
case 0e set this in lum ped
L in this
colled tumped model.
wwr
Vo
Vs
Iun ped model of toam8mi s510n me.
Pstimascrnst ant s:
AR: Resi s+amce pet unit length (n /m)
(H/m)
DL:Inductance (F /m)
Bc: copa citomce (2/m)
Dn: comd uctomce
THn smissin me Equation
I+AI R LAX
ww
4
V+AV
AV= -Rbx I -jw LAxI
im AV - -(R+j L ) I ( )
bxV
0I = - dxV-juwc
lim I = -(+jwc)V9
v
dv = -(R+jwL) I (3)
dI -( tntjoc)v -4)
md cuyHent oill be
paometes voH age
In lum ped dfeHeTtial equotrn.
deteumined bu
dx2 =-(R+juwL) dI
fyom-(3)
d2y
+(R+jwL) (ortj wc)v(5)
dz2 z
similexyd2I
(R+j L)( On4jcwc)I-(6)
y²= (Rtjw L) (atjw c)
y=J(R+jwL) (Gt jwc)
Yis caled popagation comstrnt cmd isa complex quantrt
dx2 =y?v, dI =y?I 0ave eqution
dy2= y2y
Soledion: V(x)= Vt e +veY
Instqntaneob voltage
V(x) = [ vteY*4 yex1. eJt
similauis:
In 8tantaned s cHHet
I ( )=Ite4 I- eYxq. ejut
V(xt) vt e-xJ(ot-Bx)+ Vep0ttB*)
=
fot epoHd tsave ling backupad tavellng
coave ave
Re v+ ex J(ot-pr)7
V(xt) = Vte cos(0t-pz)
V(t)= yt co ( 0t-p)
backoHd tyavelling tooVe
ot+gx)
v(z t)= V e ej( e]
ReCvej( 0t+p)
if a=0; V(z,t) =
<=0
Sqme fo Cuyent.
I (x)= I coS (wt t Bx) : d=0
Y= at )B di8 aten uotion constant : l082
Umit: dB/n
Nopi e /m
it tor) 4ell to88 in signo magm tude.
Vte-E
o=vte!
Hato =antilog ( vt e' -20og,¬-686 dB/m
B: phase constm+ tavellng im
(x4) = (uot-pz) ; phase cf voltage
tuam 8mission Ine
unit: Hodian (m
phase shift
AcoMHe spemdg to 2
4Time pesM TOd has
211 phase 8hift 2
Load ot HeceiveH
VL end
Vs
ZLIo
ZL=Zo :mpedence matching.
V(Z)
6DUH C oH
genesto
V(x)= vte+yeY*
end
4Ie
I (x)=I e Y
()e
dv = Vt ( - y ) e y
R+jwL) I(%)
-(R+j wL) (Ite4Ie)
V+ (-Y) e Y = R+iWL) te
tt
R+jwL
y
Zo
ckoacte1tstte impeden ce V-(R+jwL) --Zo
(R+jWL) I (Grtjw)
J (R+(oL) ( trtjoc) OaNe tuavell ing n back oand
Zo = (R+jwL) dinection.
(ontj w
ameey z of a
Z0,y HE secomday eomstat8/ pou
t n sm 'ssion tme.
impe dence orll be constrt foot a
chosocteAil'stc
4otCns missivn tme. length of tronsmiss 1On time
the
It iscoYm start thstough ocet
I()= Vt ee
Zo Zo
J+
I (x) te- + IeY
fwHd ond backDosd +yavell mg
supeuposiHon of
toill foIm Stendi'ng oave.
toave impeden ce of
impedence of toad is equalto the
T4 bachwavd tHavelling oave.
termSmission Iine :no
I=-;
V)= vteY 4 yeYs
I (9)= vt
Zo Zo
Reftecton cpeff'ent ();
voltaqe wele
ra) = Meflected
imcident votage ooNe
-2y9
l=0Ctoad emdT
T(=D) L= V
w91t
mag mtud e i's comstont
phase chenges wort
comptex quentty
-32 zi L
C03y 2e S)nYo
zo t
cOshy |ZLs0nhy
OBhvI+ ZL Zo
()= z
Zosmhy
2ZLsImhy
Zo
Simhyl 2 + ZL
2o2c08ht)
ZL+Zo
1tZL4zo Zo z()=
e
Z-Z-2YQ
0eiamsf ce
tu peden Im
Heloctom: matton
eHD; IneoeH
z to
bettet|
cuit ciu open ZL=0:
ctHCutt: Shost =0: ZL
am8nission
lime. tu
md =
oith matched toad chimg$ impedence ZL=Zo=
ZL-Zo
oot z(0)=
put im
locd the from qnce dust impedence
I()
V(3) 7()=
e"(1-T9) Zo
Vt
()=
+
evVt
V()=
v-eY eY4 VJ)=
y+
coeffrciert; eflechon tesms
of lnVoltagB
ZA(1)= Zoz20%-)+ Zo sin
SIn (-)
toouds souy ce = +
toood load =
Noumalrzed impedemce:
)
Zo
Zo
z(J ZL Ohy+sinhy
ZL SImhyl + oghyl
Z0=50 ZL=00 ZL = 2
Types of tHnsmission hine
0 LO831e ss tam&mission lme:(Ideal)
Condrton: R==0
Y=(R+joL) (trnt jwc)
y= jwJC
Lphase onstrot
2TfLC = 21
( veloarty of slgmaltavell'ng
VLG Vp in toven8m'ssion line.
Zo= (R+j L) Ro
(tntjwc)
LLit decide hoo i8 poo tHansmuted to toad.
(2) Distotonleg& tan 8mission lime
th eo e mgy be to82 in sigma but mo d'stontbm.
Y(RtjwL) (o4j wc
R(I+ JWL
Y= JRo (14 jwL 80 stornt o: cotten wtion m8ino
dDesnot depend o'n
fuequ ency
Zo= VR
=Ro
(3) Lo O
lD8% tugm smissiom Ime: (puact'cal)
Comdto: R4<0L
Y=JRtjwL) Chtjoc)
=joL(jR|juc(r-1n)
2001 20c
20L 2 0c
d= BR B-foH toeo ogstHams mi ssjon
d<< Ume.
2wL 200C
2L toL
B= oJLC
[R+jwL
nt jwc)
20L 2wCC
lme.
JRa, fom toolo8 3tHanSmissiom
Zo = Ro + jXo
e(óL-2p9) d- I(9)
el-2B9) |n| 1+ V() z()=
prase, staggANEd
wert aHe ETt cuHN nd
VoHage
-2T,--4W, 2B)=
o, (¢L- (3-n)
if Imin=
=,
31)5 (o-2B) if(L) (1+ Imax=
Zo
=Ite+IeY (9) I
=Vmm (1-) |vt| |Val=
3,- (OL-2p9)
TT, = If
[el)=Vmqx (1t ( (V)T=
=02t,
4T 2B) (OL- Lf
(b-zp) |n(2+ JE eVt
sOL-2p9)
Hato
usidg the +yeJF eyt -
Ve-YvteY+ V(Q=
COndition:
R=n
THgnsmission
ine: LO8sleg8
tnsmissi0m
ine tess ID88
coM81de4 memttoned mothimg
ig mumeMical
ff Jn
tz. of
Grot2, lineimpedence chenacte
icist
the Fmd /m pFL=00uH/m
t00 C=
lm, R=04 sfon-t8 poimag
con tamsmiSsion
has line H
Tmax = Vmgx
Jmn
Rmax= Zo ( 4tl| ZfResi'stive
Resistive n notwye
(d-n
Zmim= Vmin Rmin =eZo
Imax
VotHage stqmding oave Hatio (VSWR)
VSWR= Vmay e=1+
Vmin
e+1
IL=0 e =1 ZL= Zo, lL =0
ZL=o
ZL=0pem impedence mtching
e=o0 eondittom
ZL= Shot L=
on a t amSmission
AvoHage wave at sn tz is taveliing
döHecttom. The pHimaHu eom8-tamts of the Ime e
lime in tx C=100pF/m
R=05ohm/m L= 0"24H/m, G=D mho/m,
phase ot t=o,=0 frmd the phase Of
The toave has 36°
1usec
the oave at x=50Cm gnd t=
loggless tugnsmssOD time:
cOBhjp4 sMhp
Chavocteistcs of 06legs tsngmission lime.
D In a toSslegs +umsmss rom line, impedernce siepet
oftey evesy A/2 di'sternce,
tyrnSmission tine, impede'nce nveMse
2 In a lD83le3g di'stance.
ts value aftey evesy N4
z ( t N4) = Z(9)
'steiminated corth impedence
If tHqmsmi ssion ne
chayacteisHc im pedence then mpedence
equal to tansm'ssion tine I8 equelto
8een d mu pot of
tyamsmssion bne
chanactessttc impedence of
z()= Zo
short ciawted tomsmiss on
of
Firnd he input impeden ce 0 t |2-5/m ot a dustomce
Zo
Iime f 65+i382, y=
lE0m. (113 + 2-26)
signal to a dipole te nma
cable sends
A50 ohm coaxial (+5+ 20j),
havrmg im pelern ce.
coefficuent md vSWR, 0"219,
1'64
Fimd He flect o
Zo z 50 ohm ZL-ZO
ZL 75+j20 ZL+Zo
11
45+J 20 -50
5+j20+5o
95+j20 0"2|9
d25 + J 20
Ime is test mjmoted
The lossless Iime hag Zo =f5 ohm s. the
Iond impedence of
Of G0-J400 ohms, the mayimu m
Iy a Imax,Imim, Vmn.
volHage i's equal to A0V . Fmd Loil be mox.
Pt toht distmce fuomn the load the votage
Powe delivesed to load :
P= Re[vI]
2
PQ) = 2 Re v)-I(9)"]
1
V(Q)= yteJB
I(J) = yt
Zo
pJR -Ve
Zo
P(u=0) 1= Revs =o) I* (J=0)J
Rev(1+f)-yZo (4-n)
vC(14+ )-(11)
Zo
P=0) = 2 I(V+}"
Zo
(149)
PowEH t ans point on the lie.JB
om
Tota!
Pa)= j2B). V e
Zo
(-ei9)]
2Zo
(2-1J +tne*japo)7
2Zo
2Zo
3qme t amspoint om the
is
Hesi stive poweylime.
tor 0 Smi'sSi0n
Heactive powet oinVoMy
otMaphico Repsrcsem+atton of Wsrnsmissi0n tine
NN
Zo Zo
Rt JX
Zo -ReJD tjv
AJV
Z-Zo
2-plame
r-plne Z+|
f(4uV)
f(x.u,V) tj = 14(u+jv)
1-(utjv)
() u4v?-2u - 2() +I=0 o) u24V22()u+(=0
temrtye : 4 centte:(H o
Haius
:() Hqdius:
(in)
H=05
CentHe Hodius
(0,0) 1
1/2
2
(o) 13
(Hi) 2/3 rPlame
(210) 4=0; COnStart Heeistrnce cincle
ceTtAe Hadlus
i)
(, o)
(1)
2 (V2) (Ve)
(I2) 2
(l,0)
fplame coeficienrt, ueflectiom
magnrtude
of sent Hepve
wil stcle of
ciHadiug
|l e ra)=
J(O-2RS)
or--
Ti=|
JOL e
-j2gO er)=L
Zo
oi8e. clock toill
be
cHom geneHato
we to
load fuom movi coe 0e If
ciActe: VSWR
cieuit open- poimt: moSt Hight
clHcut Shot- pomt: Stmoleft
ehimg Jmpedence
shot-ciHcut
cicuf
HE0pen
2=1+2]
chaHt: Smrth
ctMC eactam
ce stqmt Com
I=2
Smolle ds the ndiub betet ig the moet ching
Loge 's the Hodius o0s1SH 's the mrtchimg
Smrth chat
Nomalized impedene is ubed to epye sent emitth chat
ZL - R+j 4jX
Z0 Zo
imducive ciHcuit oilbe uppe haf
capac1tive cicut coil be touasM half
Z()Xze = Z(9)
9L
Rmm Rnnox
Rmx = Zo3
Rmin = z0
of
maximum Hesistance oill be on ight most part
the ucle.
to gemesato: clock or8e
Load
t4amSmission line hatb the chayacHexistt
Bueg: he o-lA l¡ng tesm'mated oith the
impedence of 50 ohm dmd s
25 .2, L0CQte the noHmalse
load impeden ce ZL= 5+j
load impedence om &mith chott.
Fimd vSWR? , n=? fHom the
et the length =04A
Fimd the im pednee
load emd. md îi ot = DolA.
0= |2 6-5
ZL = 5+ j25 0-1+0"5
50 50
VSW R=
z(9=0|)= (038+ 188) X50
=0"85 <55o
has zo 12 ZL= 0.2-j022,length
Atomsmission ine
out the
0f the +yan sm1ssion lme i8 0-2, frnd
ot duston ce l o. 25A
impe dence at
Fmd vsWR, i.
togd is f t Vmin and finst Imin.
how fa fom the
V`WR= 5:3 2-5+j 2-5
9H0nSmíssion me e cHc it lerment
Zm =
Z0 C08pI tjZL SrnB
Shoot ciHCuted tuamsni ssIon lime, ZL =0
Zsc = Zotan psc = JX
Open cMCted tuam smissio Ie, zL =0
-jzo cot ploc =jx
Zoc=
Jsc = dan() Joc =t cot( )
1Jx
H=0
Ssc
4 2
a ReGOmgrt ciCut
THamsm(ssion ne as
f3l,
A 2 4
Shot cMCUt open ciH CuIt
SeHieg LC ciHcut
fo
PaHallel LC citcut
Zin
Zm
seHieg LC
odd:A 3A paHo|le) odd: d 34
4 4 Hesonmt 4 4 ciHCut
ciHcut Payolel Lc
evem:
sesuie & even: 2 ciHcut
HesoTAmt
clHCut
bu tanding oave pateHT
Visualzt¡n of lon d
z =Rtjx
z =R
ZL =JX
Rdmitonce Smh chot
Zo
cle
HciMcle- q cit
Yo
<|- g+ jb
|+y
I-Yy-1
y+!
SC
Jnpedance matching
Inpedaxe Zo2
Zo|
|matchimg
netuae Zo2
00Ve tuam gfolme4
() Buaute
pue Hesisive oad
Z0x
ZAB
Zox
ZAB = Z0X , ZoX zo
Vs) Zo
R
D Z0X
Zoi Zol
Z0 ZoX
ZoX = Zo Zo
