Features of Programming

Language Fundamental
 LESSON OUTLINES

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

 Data types
 Variables
 Operators
 Conditional Statements
 Control Statements(loops)
 Arrays

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 Data Type

 Types of data that want to memorize in computer

memory
 Data types are used to allocate memory and specify
what type of data using in the program.
 All the data types are keywords which are having
built-in meaning.

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 Data Type

Data types in programming

1. int : which is used to store integer value and it will not
accept any decimal value. It allocates 4 bytes of memory.

What is programing ?
2.long: which is used to store integer value and it will not
accept any decimal value. It allocates 8 bytes of memory
3.float: which is used to store decimal value. It allocates 4
bytes of memory.
4.double: which is used to store decimal value. It allocates 8
bytes of memory.

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 Data Type

5. char: which is used to store a single character and it

uses to take only one byte.

What is programing ?
6. Short: which use to take 2 bytes of memory and stores
an integer value.
7. Boolean: which takes only true or false
8. Byte: which takes only byte memory

String: is not a data type but it is a predefined class.

NOTE
It allows storing sets of characters.

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 Data Type

? How many types of data? What are they?

Depending on data structures and storage styles in

What is programing ?
computer memory, categorized data type into two
groups:

1. Primitive data types/ Value Types

2. Reference types/Non-primitive data types

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 Primitive Data Type

Data Type Size Description

byte 1 byte Stores whole numbers from -128 to 127
short 2 bytes Stores whole numbers from -32,768 to 32,767
Stores whole numbers from -2,147,483,648 to

What is programing ?
int 4 bytes
2,147,483,647
Stores whole numbers from -
long 8 bytes 9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing
float 4 bytes
6 to 7 decimal digits
Stores fractional numbers. Sufficient for storing
double 8 bytes
15 decimal digits
boolean 1 bit Stores true or false values 0 or 1
char 2 bytes Stores a single character/letter or ASCII values

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 Non Primitive Data Type

 Non-primitive data types are called reference types because they refer to objects.
E.g. String, Array, etc.
 The main difference between primitive and non-primitive data types are:
 Primitive types are predefined (already defined).
 Non-primitive types are created by the programmer and is not defined by Java
(except for String).
 Non-primitive types can be used to call methods to perform certain
operations, while primitive types cannot.
 A primitive type has always a value, while non-primitive types can be null.
 A primitive type starts with a lowercase letter, while non-primitive types starts
with an uppercase letter.

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 Variable  Is a named of location that can store a value.
 It is nothing but a memory location name by which
can refer your data.
 Values may be number, text, and other types of
data.

Declaration and initialization of a variable

Syntax:
datatype variable_name=value
Example:
int a=10;
int b=20;
int c=a+b;

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 Variable Rules to follow for declaring the variable name:
1.Should start with lower case and the first letter of the
second word should start with a capital letter. i.e. first
name, orderNumber
2.Can start with _ (underscore)
3.Can start with $
4.The first letter cannot be a capital letter
5.It can contain numbers but not in the middle
6.No other special symbols allowed
Legal variable names:
Illegal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John" 2myvar = "John"
_my_var = "John" my-var = "John"
myVar = "John" my var = "John"
myvar2 = "John"

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 public class JavaDataTypes {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Int a,b,c;
Example of
a=10;
data types
b=20;
and using
c=a+b;
variables
System.out.println(“Addition of a and b is ” +c);
}
}

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 Operators

 Operators are symbols that tell the compiler to perform specific

mathematical or logical manipulations.
Arithmetic Operators:
Symbol Operation Usage Explanation

+ addition x+y Adds values on either side of the operator

Subtracts the right hand operand from the left hand

- subtraction x-y
operand

* multiplication x*y Multiplies values on either side of the operator

Divides the left hand operand by the right hand

/ division x/y
operand

Divides the left hand operand by the right hand

% modulus x%y
operand and returns remainder

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 Operators

Relational Operators:
These operators are used for comparison. They return either true or false based on the comparison result.
The operator '==' should not be confused with '='.
Symbol Operation Usage Explanation
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not,
== equal x == y
if yes then condition becomes true.
Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not,
!= not equal x != y
if values are not equal then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than
> greater than x>y the value of the right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than the
< less than x<y value of the right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true.
Checks if the value of the left operand is greater than
>= greater than or equal x >= y or equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of the left operand is less than or
<= less than or equal x <= y equal to the value of the right operand, if yes then
condition becomes true.

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 Operators

Logical Operators:
These operators take boolean values as input and return boolean values as output.

Symbol Operation Usage Explanation

&& logical AND x && y Returns true if both x and y are true else returns false.

|| logical OR x || y Returns false if neither x nor y is true else returns true

! logical NOT !x Unary operator. Returns true if x is false else returns false.

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 Operators

Assignment Operators:

Symbol Operation Usage Equivalence Explanation

Assigns value from the right side operand(s) to
= assignment x=y
the left side operand.
Adds the right side operand to the left side
+= add and assignment x += y x = x+y operand and assigns the result to the left side
operand.
Subtracts the right side operand from the left side
-= subtract and assignment x -= y x= x-y operand and assigns the result to the left side
operand.
Multiplies the right side operand with the left side
*= multiply and assignment x *= y x= x*y operand and assigns the result to the left side
operand.
Divides the left side operand with the right side
/= divide and assignment x /= y x= x/y operand and assigns the result to the left side
operand.

Takes modulus using the two operands and

%= modulus and assignment x%=y x= x%y
assigns the result to the left side operand.

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 Conditional Statements

Conditional statements: are used to execute a set of statements based on condition

satisfaction.
1.if
2.else
3.else if
4.nested if
1 if
 write one condition and execute a set of statements based on the condition.
 Statements under if will be executed only if the condition is true.
 Syntax:
if(condition) x =100

{ if(x > 10){

statements; System.out.println(x+ "is greater than 10");
}
16 }
 Conditional Statements

2 If-else

 It’s the same as if but will one additional else.

 It will execute only if the condition is true but do not have any else statement.

public class Student {

syntax: public static void main(String[] args) {

if(condition) { int x = 10;

int y = 12;
statement 1; //executes when condition is true
if(x+y < 10) {
}
System.out.println("x + y is less than 10");
else{ }
statement 2; //executes when condition is false else {

} System.out.println("x + y is greater than 20");

}
}
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}
 Conditional Statements

3 Else if

 The if-else-if statement contains the if-statement followed by multiple else-if statements.
 Using if and else is able to check for two conditions only.
public class Student {
Syntax:
public static void main(String[] args) {
if(condition 1) {
Int time= 13;
statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true
if (time < 10) {
}
System.out.println(“Good Morning");
else if(condition 2) {
} else if (time < 20) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
System.out.println(“Good Day"); }
}
else {
else {
System.out.println(“Good Evening");
statement 2; //executes when all the conditions are false
}
}
}
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}
 Conditional Statements

4 Nested if

 In nested if-statements, the if statement can contain a if or if-else statement inside another if or
else-if statement.
Syntax : public class Test {

if(condition 1) { public static void main(String args[]) {

statement 1; //executes when condition 1 is true int x = 30;

int y = 10;
if(condition 2) {
if( x == 30 ) {
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is true
if( y == 10 ) {
}
System.out.print("X = 30 and Y = 10");
else{
}
statement 2; //executes when condition 2 is false
}
} }
19 } }
 Switch Statement

 The switch statement contains multiple blocks of code called cases and a single case
is executed based on the variable which is being switched.
 The switch statement is easier to use instead of if-else-if statements.
 It also enhances the readability of the program.

public class Student implements Cloneable {

switch (expression){ public static void main(String[] args) {
case value1: int num = 2;
statement1; switch (num){
break; case 0:
. System.out.println("number is 0");
. break;
case 1:
.
System.out.println("number is 1");
case valueN:
break;
statementN; default:
break; System.out.println(num);
default: }
default statement; }
20 } }
 Loop Statements

 In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code

repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true.
 Loop statements are used to execute the set of instructions in a repeated
order.
 The execution of the set of instructions depends upon a particular
condition.
 All the programming languages have the below 3 types of loops.
a) For Loop
b) While loop
c) do-while loop

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 Loop Statements

For Loop

 It enables us to initialize the loop variable, check the condition, and

increment/decrement in a single line of code.
 Use the for loop only when exactly know the number of times, we want to execute the
block of code.
Syntax>>>
for(initialization, condition, increment/decrement)
{
//block of statements
}

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 Loop Statements

For Loop

public class Calculattion {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int sum = 0;
for(int j = 1; j<=10; j++)
{
sum = sum + j;
}
System.out.println("The sum of first 10 natural numbers is " + sum);
}
} Output:
23 The sum of first 10 natural numbers is 55
 While Loop

 The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of statements multiple times.
 However, if don't know the number of iterations in advance, it is recommended to
use a while loop.
 Unlike for loop, the initialization and increment/decrement doesn't take place inside
the loop statement in while loop.
 It is also known as the entry-controlled loop since the condition is checked at the
start of the loop.
 If the condition is true, then the loop body will be executed; otherwise, the
statements after the loop will be executed.

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 While Loop

The syntax of the while loop is given below.

while(condition){
//looping statements
}

public class Calculation {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
int i = 0; Output:
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n"); Printing the list of first 10 even numbers
while(i<=10) { 0
2
System.out.println(i);
4
i = i + 2; 6
} } } 8
10
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 Do-While Loop

 The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop after executing the
loop statements.
 When the number of iteration is not known and have to execute the loop at
least once, can use do-while loop.
 It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not checked
in advance.
 The syntax of the do-while loop is given below.

do
{
//statements
} while (condition);

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 Do-While Loop

public class Calculation {

Output:
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub Printing the list of first 10 even numbers
0
int i = 0; 2
System.out.println("Printing the list of first 10 even numbers \n"); 4
6
do { 8
System.out.println(i); 10

i = i + 2;
}while(i<=10);
} The difference between do-while and while is that do-while evaluates its expression at
} the bottom of the loop instead of the top.
Therefore, the statements within the do block are always executed at least once

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  An array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous
memory location.
 Arrays are nothing but a set of similar elements stored in a single variable.
 If we take a normal variable (int x;) it will take/store only one value at a time
and we cannot store more than one value.
Example: Let’s say would like to write a program where you want to store student
rule numbers for college in which there are 1000 students available.
If you use a normal variable I have to declare a thousand variables like below:
int rolno1=1;
int rolno2=2;
int rolno3=3
And it goes on till
int rolno1000=1000;

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 Declaration of Arrays:
Data type arrayname [ ];

Example: int rolno [ ];

Allocating Memory for Arrays:
int rolno[] = new int[1000]
 Using “new” here new is a keyword
rolno[0]=1; which basically used to allocate the
rolno[1]=2; memory.
rolno[2]=3;
rolno[3]=4;
And it goes on….. Till
rolno[999]=1000;

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 Identifiers and Naming Convention

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 Identifiers

❏ Identifiers are the names of variables, methods, classes, packages.

Rules of Identifiers

►Identifiers must be composed of letters, numbers, the underscore _ and the dollar sign $.

►Identifiers may only begin with a letter, the underscore or a dollar sign.

►name, _name, $name , student_name, student$name, studentName, student2name

►num1, revenue, netrevenue, net$revenue

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 Identifiers

The main restriction on the names you can give:

➔ Identifiers cannot be a keyword. E.g. int void =0; X double static =2.99;X
➔ they cannot contain any white space. E.g. student name X
➔ cannot begin with a number. E.g 1num , 20student X
➔ all variable names are case-sensitive.

E.g. Total and total are different identifiers.

Total -> class name , package name

total -> variable name , method name

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 Naming Conventions

❏ Class names should be nouns, in mixed case with the first letter of each internal word capitalized.
E.g. CalculatorProgram,Calculator_Program,Calculator$Program, Calculator Program X
❏ Variable names should be short (meaningful). In mixed case with a lowercase first letter. Internal words
start with capital letters.
E.g.: firstNum, studentName, student_name
❏ Methods should be verbs, in mixed case with the first letter lowercase, with the first letter of each internal
word capitalized.
E.g. findAverage( ) , calculateAge( ), findTotal( )

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 In Java programming , how to write code in the following
structures.
I. Sequence structure
II. Selection Structure
III. Iteration Structure

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