Load in NumPy (remember to pip install numpy first)
import numpy as np
The Basics
a = np.array([1,2,3], dtype='int32')
print(a)
[1 2 3]
b = np.array([[9.0,8.0,7.0],[6.0,5.0,4.0]])
print(b)
[[9. 8. 7.]
[6. 5. 4.]]
# Get Dimension
a.ndim
# Get Shape
b.shape
(2, 3)
# Get Type
a.dtype
dtype('int32')
# Get Size
a.itemsize
# Get total size
a.nbytes
12
# Get number of elements
a.size
Accessing/Changing specific elements, rows, columns, etc
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5,6,7],[8,9,10,11,12,13,14]])
print(a)
[[ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]
[ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14]]
# Get a specific element [r, c]
a[1, 5]
13
# Get a specific row
a[0, :]
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
# Get a specific column
a[:, 2]
array([ 3, 10])
# Getting a little more fancy [startindex:endindex:stepsize]
a[0, 1:-1:2]
array([2, 4, 6])
a[1,5] = 20
a[:,2] = [1,2]
print(a)
[[ 1 2 5 4 5 6 7]
[ 8 9 5 11 12 20 14]]
[[ 1 2 1 4 5 6 7]
[ 8 9 2 11 12 20 14]]
*3-d example
b = np.array([[[1,2],[3,4]],[[5,6],[7,8]]])
print(b)
[[[1 2]
[3 4]]
[[5 6]
[7 8]]]
# Get specific element (work outside in)
b[0,1,1]
# replace
b[:,1,:] = [[9,9,9],[8,8]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
ValueError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-34-db1aebb5daad> in <module>()
1 # replace
----> 2 b[:,1,:] = [[9,9,9],[8,8]]
ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.
array([[[1, 2],
[9, 9]],
[[5, 6],
[8, 8]]])
Initializing Different Types of Arrays
# All 0s matrix
np.zeros((2,3))
array([[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]])
# All 1s matrix
np.ones((4,2,2), dtype='int32')
array([[[1, 1],
[1, 1]],
[[1, 1],
[1, 1]],
[[1, 1],
[1, 1]],
[[1, 1],
[1, 1]]])
# Any other number
np.full((2,2), 99)
array([[99., 99.],
[99., 99.]], dtype=float32)
# Any other number (full_like)
np.full_like(a, 4)
array([[4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4],
[4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4]])
# Random decimal numbers
np.random.rand(4,2)
array([[0.07805642, 0.53385716],
[0.02494273, 0.99955252],
[0.48588042, 0.91247437],
[0.27779213, 0.16597751]])
# Random Integer values
np.random.randint(-4,8, size=(3,3))
array([[-2, -4, -4],
[ 6, 6, 3],
[ 3, 2, 2]])
# The identity matrix
np.identity(5)
array([[1., 0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 1., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0., 1.]])
# Repeat an array
arr = np.array([[1,2,3]])
r1 = np.repeat(arr,3, axis=0)
print(r1)
[[1 2 3]
[1 2 3]
[1 2 3]]
output = np.ones((5,5))
print(output)
z = np.zeros((3,3))
z[1,1] = 9
print(z)
output[1:-1,1:-1] = z
print(output)
[[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]]
[[0. 0. 0.]
[0. 9. 0.]
[0. 0. 0.]]
[[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 0. 0. 0. 1.]
[1. 0. 9. 0. 1.]
[1. 0. 0. 0. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]]
Be careful when copying arrays!!!
a = np.array([1,2,3])
b = a.copy()
b[0] = 100
print(a)
[1 2 3]
Mathematics
a = np.array([1,2,3,4])
print(a)
[1 2 3 4]
a + 2
array([5, 6, 7, 8])
a - 2
array([-1, 0, 1, 2])
a * 2
array([2, 4, 6, 8])
a / 2
array([0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. ])
b = np.array([1,0,1,0])
a + b
array([1, 0, 3, 0])
a ** 2
array([ 1, 4, 9, 16], dtype=int32)
# Take the sin
np.cos(a)
array([ 0.54030231, -0.41614684, -0.9899925 , -0.65364362])
# For a lot more
(https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/routines.math.html)
Linear Algebra
a = np.ones((2,3))
print(a)
b = np.full((3,2), 2)
print(b)
np.matmul(a,b)
[[1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1.]]
[[2 2]
[2 2]
[2 2]]
array([[6., 6.],
[6., 6.]])
# Find the determinant
c = np.identity(3)
np.linalg.det(c)
1.0
## Reference docs
(https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/routines.linalg.html)
# Determinant
# Trace
# Singular Vector Decomposition
# Eigenvalues
# Matrix Norm
# Inverse
# Etc...
Statistics
stats = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
stats
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])
np.min(stats)
np.max(stats, axis=1)
array([3, 6])
np.sum(stats, axis=0)
array([5, 7, 9])
Reorganizing Arrays
before = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])
print(before)
after = before.reshape((2,3))
print(after)
[[1 2 3 4]
[5 6 7 8]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
ValueError Traceback (most recent call
last)
<ipython-input-151-6aa1f4e15729> in <module>()
2 print(before)
3
----> 4 after = before.reshape((2,3))
5 print(after)
ValueError: cannot reshape array of size 8 into shape (2,3)
# Vertically stacking vectors
v1 = np.array([1,2,3,4])
v2 = np.array([5,6,7,8])
np.vstack([v1,v2,v1,v2])
array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8],
[1, 2, 3, 4],
[5, 6, 7, 8]])
# Horizontal stack
h1 = np.ones((2,4))
h2 = np.zeros((2,2))
np.hstack((h1,h2))
array([[1., 1., 1., 1., 0., 0.],
[1., 1., 1., 1., 0., 0.]])
Miscellaneous
Load Data from File
filedata = np.genfromtxt('data.txt', delimiter=',')
filedata = filedata.astype('int32')
print(filedata)
[[ 1 13 21 11 196 75 4 3 34 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4
5]
[ 3 42 12 33 766 75 4 55 6 4 3 4 5 6 7 0 11
12]
[ 1 22 33 11 999 11 2 1 78 0 1 2 9 8 7 1 76
88]]
Boolean Masking and Advanced Indexing
(~((filedata > 50) & (filedata < 100)))
array([[ True, True, True, True, True, False, True, True, True,
True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True,
True],
[ True, True, True, True, True, False, True, False, True,
True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True,
True],
[ True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True, False,
True, True, True, True, True, True, True, False,
False]])
