Basic computer tutorial

A computer is a sophisticated electronic device. According to the set

procedure, the computer processes the raw data entered by the user and
output to the user as a result.

The computer-based Lecture Notes includes computer hardware, software,

operating systems, peripherals and basic understanding of how to maximize
the value and impact of computer technology.

Computer Overview
Today's world is an information-rich world; it has become a necessity for
everyone to know the computer. This tutorial is designed to introduce you
about your computer and its fundamentals.

A computer function
Any digital computer five functions:

 Noting data as input.

 Stored in its memory data / instructions, and use them when needed.
 Processing the data and converts it into useful information.
 Generating output
 Control of all of the above four steps.

definition
Computer is an electronic data processing apparatus

 Receiving and storing data,

 Processing the input data, and

  Generate the desired output format.

advantage
The following list indicates the advantages of today's stage of the computer.

high speed
 PC is a very fast device.
 It can be a very large amount of data calculation.
 PCs have speed in microseconds, nanoseconds or even picoseconds units.
 It can be done millions of computing in a few seconds, but humanity will need
several months to perform the same task.

Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, the computer is very accurate.
 100% error-free computing.
 The implementation of 100% accuracy on a computer, as long as all jobs are
entered correctly given.

Memory function
 Memory is a very important computer features.
 A computer has more storage capacity than humans.
 It can store large amounts of data.
 It can store any type of data, such as images, video, text, audio, and many
others.

diligent
 Unlike humans, computers from the monotony, fatigue, lack of concentration.
 It can work continuously without any errors and boring.
 It can do the same speed and accuracy of duplication of effort.

Versatility
 PC is a very versatile machine.
 A computer is very flexible to fulfill the work done.
 The machine can be used to solve various problems related fields.
 In one example, we can solve a complex scientific problem, the very next
moment it is possible to play the card game.
reliability
 Computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have a long life.
 Computer design allows easy maintenance.

automation
 PC is an automatic machine.
 Automation means to automate the ability to perform a given task.
 When a program is to the computer that is stored in computer memory,
procedures and instructions to control the execution of the program, without
human interaction.

Less paperwork
 Data processing using computers in the organization will lead to reduce
paperwork, accelerate and lead the process.
 As the data in electronic files can be retrieved when necessary, to maintain a
large number of paper documents the problem is reduced.

cut costs
 Although the installation of a computer's initial investment is high, but it greatly
reduces the cost of each of its transactions.

Shortcoming
The following table shows the shortcomings in today's stage of the
computer

No IQ
 A computer is a machine does not have the wisdom to perform any task.
 Each instruction must be given computer.
 The computer does not assume any of their own decisions.

rely
 As per the user's instructions, so that it is wholly dependent instruction

surroundings
 Computer operating environment should be free of dust and appropriate.
no feelings
 Computer no feelings or emotions.
 Based feel, taste, experience and knowledge, not like a person, you can not
make a judgment.

Computer - Applications
The following are the various computer applications arena today.

business
Computer with high-speed computing, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or
multifunction which makes it an integral part of all business organizations.

Computers are used in business organizations:

 Payroll

 budget

 sales analysis

 Financial Forecast

 Database management staff

 Stock maintenance.
bank
Today, banking is totally dependent on computers.

Bank offers the following amenities and services:

 Online accounting functions provided by the bank, including current balance,

deposits, overdrafts, interest, stocks, and recording trustee.
 ATM machines are making it easier for customers to deal with the bank.
Insurance
Insurance companies keep all records of the latest computer help. Insurance
companies, finance companies and brokerage firms have extensive use of
computers for processing business.

Insurance companies maintain all customer database information display

 The program continues with the policy

 Policy Effective Date

 Policy expires next year installments

 expiry date

 Since interest

 Survival benefit

 bonus

education
Computer education system already offers a number of facilities.

 Educational tools provided by computer, known as CBE (computer-based

education).
 Evaluation CBE control, transfer and learning
  Computer education is rapidly increasing number of students.
 Computer is used to educate students in various fields of education.
 It is used to prepare a report on student performance and analysis database.

marketing
The following is a computer in the marketing purposes:

 Ads using the computer, advertising and graphic arts professionals to create,
write, and modify the copy, print and distribute advertising and sell more
products as the goal.
 Family Shopping - Home shopping has become possible to provide access to
product information through the use of computer directory and allows direct
access to orders filled out by customers.
health care
Computers have become an important part of hospitals, laboratories and
pharmacies. The computer is used in hospitals to keep patient records and
medication. It is also used to scan and diagnose different diseases. ECG,
EEG, ultrasound and CT scans, etc., are also completed by the computer
machine.

Health care, some of the main areas of computer use:

 Diagnostic systems - computers are used to collect data and determine the
cause of the disease.
 Laboratory diagnosis system - all the tests can be done, and the report
produced by the computer.
 Patient monitoring systems - which is used to check the patient signs of
abnormalities, such as cardiac arrest, electrocardiogram.
 Pharmaceutical Information System - the computer to check the drug label,
expiration date, the side effects of harmful drugs and the like.
 Surgery - Today, computers are used to perform the surgery.
engineering design
PCs are widely used for engineering purposes.

One of the main areas of CAD (Computer Aided Design). Create and provide
modification of the image. Some fields are::

 Structural Engineering - need stress-strain analysis, shipbuilding,

construction, budget, aircraft design.
 Industrial Engineering - Computer processing of the design, implementation
and improvement of people, materials, equipment, integrated system.
 Architectural Engineering - Computer town planning help, using both 2D and
3D graphic design of the building to determine the number of buildings on the
site.
military
PC is widely used in the defense sector. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons
and other military also uses the computer control system. In which a
computer has been used for some military areas are:

 Missile control

 Military Communications

 Military operations and planning

 Smart weapons
Communicate
Communication is to convey a message through thoughts, photos or
voice. It helps to know clearly whom received a communication:

 e-mail

 to chat with

 Newsgroups

 FTP

 Remote Login

 video conference
government
Government has an important role to play computer. This category includes
some of the main areas:

 budget

 Sales tax department

 Income tax department

 Male / female ratio

 Computerized voter lists

 Computerized Driving License System

 Pankaj Computerization

 Weather forecast
 Computer Generation
Computer generations is nothing more than a continuous development of
computer technology. In the beginning, resulting in long-term use of
hardware technology, but now-generation computer hardware and software
including the difference between. .

A total of five computer generations till date. Every generation has been
discussed in detail, along with their time periods and features. For each
generation approximate date has been mentioned here this is generally
accepted.

Here are the main computer Five

S Generation and description

N

1
The first generation
The first generation of the period: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube base.

PC - First Generation
The first generation period is 1946-1959. The first generation of
computers using vacuum tubes as essential components CPU and
memory circuits (central processing unit). This tube is like a light
bulb produces a lot of heat, and prone to frequent fuse a variety of
means, therefore, is very expensive and may be obtained by a very
large organization only. This generation is mainly used in the batch
operating systems. Punch cards, paper tape, and the tape is used
as input and output devices. In this generation of machine code
used by the computer programming language.

The first generation of the main features are:

 Vacuum tube technology

 Unreliable

 Supports only machine language

 very expensive
  Generate a lot of heat

 Slow input and output devices

 Bulky

 Need AC

 Nonportable

 Consume a lot of power

This generation of several computers:

 ENIAC

 EDVAC

 UNIVAC

 IBM-701

 IBM-650

2
Second Generation

The second generation of the period: 1959-1965. Based transistor.

Second generation computer

Computer second generation 1959-1965. In this generation of
cheap transistor is used, which consume less power, more compact
dimensions, the machine is more reliable than the first generation
of faster speed. In this generation, the cores are used as the main
memory and disk and tape as an auxiliary storage device. In this
generation assembly language and high-level programming
language similar to FORTRAN, COBOL is used. Batch and multi-
channel using a computer program operating system.
The second generation of the main features are:

 Using a transistor

 Reliable comparison of the first generation computer

 Smaller size than the first generation computer

 Generate less heat than the first generation computer

 It consumes less power than the first generation computer

 Faster than the first generation of computers

 Still very expensive

 Need air conditioning

 Support machine language and assembly language

Some computer generation are as follows:

 IBM 1620

 IBM 7094
  CDC 1604

 CDC 3600

 UNIVAC 1108

3
Third Generation

The third generation of the period: 1965-1971. Integrated basis.

Third generation computer

The third generation period is 1965-1971. The third generation
computer using an integrated circuit (IC) is replaced by a
transistor. A single integrated circuit having a plurality of
transistors, resistors and capacitors, and associated circuitry. Jack
Kilby's invention of the IC. This development has made computers
smaller in size, reliable and efficient in this generation used
remoting, time, multiprogramming operating system. High-level
language (FORTRAN-Ⅱ~Ⅳ, COBOL, PASCAL language PL / 1, the
basic ALGOL-68, etc.) to be used in this generation.

The third generation of the main features are:

  Use IC

 More reliable compared to previous generations

 Smaller size

 Generate less heat

 Faster

 Less maintenance

 Expensive

 Need air conditioning

 Consume less power

 High-level language support

Some of that generation computer:

 IBM-360 series

 Honeywell 6000 series

 PDP (Personal Data Processor)

 IBM-370/168

 TDC-316

4
Fourth Generation

The fourth generation of the period: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.

Computer - the fourth generation

Fourth generation period is 1971-1980. The fourth generation of
ultra large scale integrated computer use (VLSI) circuits. VLSI
circuits has approximately 5000 transistors in a single chip with
other circuit elements to perform the fourth generation of a
microcomputer. The fourth generation of computers become more
powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it creates a
personal computer (PC) revolution. The use of time-sharing in this
generation, real-time, network, distributed operating
system. Everything as C, C + +, DBASE and other high-level
language used in this generation.

The fourth generation of the main features are:

 With VLSI Technology

 Very cheap

 Reliable Portable

 use computer

 Ultra-Small

 Pipeline processing

 It does not require AC

 The introduction of the concept of the Internet

 Great development in the field of network

 The computer easier to obtain

 This generation of several computers:

 DEC 10

 STAR 1000

 PDP 11

 CRAY-1 (supercomputer)

 CRAY-X-MP (supercomputer)

5
Fifth Generation

Fifth Generation period: 1980 embodiment. VLSI microprocessor based

Computer - Fifth Generation

Fifth Generation period 1980- till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI
technology as ULSI (ultra large scale integrated circuits) resulting
in the production of electronic components, has ten million
microprocessor chip technology. This generation is a parallel
processing hardware and AI (artificial intelligence) based
software. Artificial intelligence is an emerging discipline of
computer science to it with the help of computers think like
humans. Like all C and C + +, Java and.Net and other high-level
language used in this generation.

AI include:

 robot

 Neural Networks

 play games

 The development of expert systems, so that real-life circumstances.

 Natural language understanding and generation.

Fifth-generation main features are:

 (ULSI) VLSI Technology

 True artificial intelligence development

 Natural Language Processing Development

 Advances in parallel processing

 Advances in superconducting technology

 Multimedia features more user-friendly interface

 Availability of very powerful and compact computers cheaper prices

This generation of several computers:

 Desktop PC

 laptop

 notebook

 Ultrabooks
  Chromium book computer

Computer Type
Computers can be classified according to speed and computing
power.

serial Types of specification

number

1 PC PC This is a single-user computer system has a moderate

powerful microprocessor

2 workstation This is also the same personal computer has a more

powerful microprocessor.

3 Mini This is a multi-user computer system can simultaneously

computer support hundreds of users.

4 Host This is a multi-user computer system can simultaneously

computer support hundreds of users have different software
technologies related to mini-computer.

5 Super This is an extremely fast computer that can handle

Computer hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

PC PC
PC can be defined as a relatively small, low-cost computers
designed for a single user. PC machine is based on microprocessor
technology, enabling manufacturers to the entire CPU in a single
chip. Business use of personal computers for word processing,
accounting, desktop publishing, spreadsheets and operating and
database management applications. J is the most popular home PC
use is playing games and surfing the Internet.

While personal computers are designed as single-user systems,

these systems are usually connected together to form a network. In
power, now-a-days the Macintosh and PC high-end models offer the
same computing power and graphics capabilities by Sun
Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, Dell in the low-end workstations.

workstation
A computer is a computer workstation for engineering applications
(CAD / CAM), software development, etc. These types of
applications require moderate computing power and high-quality
graphics processing capability.

Workstation typically has a large and high-resolution graphic

display, lots of RAM, built-in network support, and graphical user
interface. Most workstation also has a large-capacity storage
devices, such as disk drives, but a special type of workstation,
known as the diskless workstation, without built-in disk drive.

UNIX and Windows NT operating system for workstations. Such as

PC, a workstation is a single-user computer, it is usually connected
together to form a local area network, although they can also be
used as an independent system.

Mini Computer
It is capable of supporting up to 250 users of medium-sized multi-
processing system.

Host computer
Host is very large and expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds or even thousands of users. Host execute multiple
programs simultaneously, and supports concurrent execution of
multiple programs

Super Computer
Supercomputer is one of the fastest computer currently on the
market. Supercomputers are very expensive and need for
mathematical calculations (digital operation) huge specialized
applications. For example, weather forecasting, scientific
simulation (animated) graphics, computational fluid dynamics,
nuclear research, electronic design and analysis of geological data
(such as petrochemical exploration).
 Computer - Components
All types of computers all follow the same basic logic structure, and perform
the following five basic operations convert raw input data into user-friendly
data. .

serial operating description

number.

1 To enter Enter data and instructions into the computer system

2 Storing data Save the data and instructions so that, if necessary, it

can be used for processing.

3 Data Perform arithmetic and logic operations on the data in

processing order to convert them into useful information.
4 Output Produces useful information, or cause for the user, such
as a printed report or a visual display.

5 Control flow It indicates the method and order to perform all the
above operations.

The input unit

This section contains these help, we will be entering data into computer
equipment. This unit allows the connection between the user and the
computer.The input device can translate information into a computer
understandable form.

A CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered to be the brain of the computer. The CPU executes all
types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and
instructions (program). It controls the operation of all components of the
computer.

The CPU has the following three components

  The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

 Memory Unit

 control unit

Output unit
Output unit to help get the computer information. This machine is a link
between the computer and the user. Output device to convert the output of
computer users understand the form.

Computer - CPU (Central Processing

Unit)
The CPU contains the following features:

 CPU is considered the brains of the computer.

 CPU performs various types of data processing operations.
 It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program).
 It controls the operation of all components of the computer.

The CPU has the following three components.

 Memory or storage unit

 control unit
  The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Memory or storage unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. When this
unit needs to provide information to other units of the computer. It is also
called internal storage unit or main memory or main memory or a random
access memory (RAM).

Its size will affect the speed, strength and ability. Main memory and
secondary memory, there are two types of memory in a computer. Function
storage unit are:

 It stores all data and processing instructions needed.

 It stores the intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final result before processing, these results are released to the
output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
control unit
The unit controls the operation of all components of the computer, but does
not perform any actual data processing operations.

Functions of this unit are:

 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of other units of data and instructions
between computers.
 All units that manage and coordinate the computer.
 It is an instruction from memory, interpret them, and the instructions of the
computer.
 It results from the storage or transmission of data via the communication input /
output devices.
 It does not handle or store data.

The ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The unit consists of two sections namely

 Arithmetic section

 Logic portion
Arithmetic section
The arithmetic function unit is to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are
accomplished by making use of the above operation is repeated.

> Logic section

The logic part that performs a logical operation, such as merge comparison,
selection, and matching data.

Computer - Input Devices

Here are a few important computer input devices:

 keyboard
  mouse

 Rocker

 Light pen

 Grounder

 scanning

 Drawing board

 microphone

 Magnetic ink reader (MICR)

 Optical character reader (OCR)

 Barcode reader

 Optical mark reader (OMR)

keyboard
The keyboard is the most common and popular input device which helps in
entering data into the computer. Although the keyboard there are some
additional keys perform additional functions, but keyboard layout is like a
traditional typewriter.

84-key keyboard in two sizes or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108
keys are also available for Windows and the Internet.

Keys on the keyboard as follows:

serial key Description

number

1 The typewriter keys These keys include alphabetic key (AZ) and
number keys (0-9), usually the same layout as
the typewriter.

2 number keyboard It is used to move the cursor or the input digital

data. In general, it has 17 keys, which have the
same configuration and most of adder calculator.

3 Function keys 12 function keys above the keyboard arranged in

 a row. Each function key has a unique meaning
and used for certain purposes.

4 Control key These keys provide cursor and screen control. It

consists of four directional arrow keys. Further
comprising control keys Home, End, Insert,
Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control (CTRL),
alternate (ALT), Exit (ESC).

5 Special keys The keyboard also contains a number of special

purpose keys such as Enter, Shift key, Caps Lock,
Num Lock, spaces, tabs, and screen printing.

mouse
The mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is having a ball at its
base, which detects the movement of the mouse, and send the appropriate
signal to the CPU, when the mouse button is pressed a small palm-sized box
of very famous cursor control device.

Generally, there are two buttons called the left and right buttons and a
scroll wheel between the buttons. You can use the mouse to control the
cursor position on the screen, but it can not be used to enter text into the
computer.
advantage

 Ease of use

 Not expensive

 Faster than the keyboard keys to move the cursor direction.

Rocker
Joystick is also used to move the cursor position on the monitor screen
indicating device. It is a kind of spherical ball at both lower and upper ends
on a stick. Lower spherical ball moving in the socket. Joystick in four
directions.

Joystick function is similar to the mouse. It is mainly used for computer-

aided design (CAD) and computer games.
Light pen
Light pen is a pointing device, similar to a pen. It is used to select menu
items displayed on the display screen or draw a picture. It comprises a
photoelectric tube, and placed in a small tube of the optical system. When
the tip of the pen moves across the display screen and a pen button is
pressed, the location of its photoelectric detection elements to the screen
and the corresponding signal is sent to the CPU.

Trackball
Trackball is mainly used to replace the mouse in a notebook or laptop
computer, an input device. This is a half ball is inserted and by moving the
finger on the ball, you can move the pointer. Because the entire apparatus
does not move, trackball, require less space than a mouse. Trackball exhibit
different shapes like a ball, a button and a square.

scanner
The scanner is an input device, which works like a photocopier. When it is
used, some information is available on paper, and it is to be transferred to
the computer for further manipulation of the hard disk. Scanner which is
then converted into may be stored in digital form on the disc source
captured image.Before printing, these images can be edited.

Digitizer
The digitizer is an input device that converts analog information into digital
form. Digital converter to convert TV or camera signals into a series of
numbers, can be stored in the computer. Any camera that they can be used
to create a computer image has been aligned. Digital converter is also
known as a graphics tablet or a tablet because it converts graphic and
pictorial data into binary inputs. Drawing board digitizer is used to make
quality engineering drawing and image processing applications.
microphone
The microphone is an input device with voice input, and then stored in
digital form. Microphone can be used for various applications, such as
multimedia presentations, or add sound mixing music.

Magnetic ink reader (MICR)

MICR input devices are often used because of the large number of bank
checks to be processed every day. The bank code number and check
number is printed on has a special type of ink, which contains the magnetic
material is to check machine-readable particles. This process is called
reading MICR (MICR). MICR main advantage is that it is faster and less error
prone.
Optical character reader (OCR)
OCR is used to read the printed word input device. OCR text scanning
optical character by character, converts it into machine-readable code and
text stored in system memory.

Barcode reader
Bar code reader is used to read the device (data in the form of light and
dark lines) bar code data. Barcode data, typically used in the labeling of
goods, number of books, which can be a hand-held scanner can also be
embedded into a fixed scanner. Barcode reader scans the bar code,
converts it into an alphanumeric value, and then is fed into a computer
which is connected to the bar code reader.

Optical mark reader (OMR)

OMR is a special type of optical scanner for identifying mark by a pen or
pencil type. It is used in one out of several alternatives is to be selected and
marked.It is designed to check multiple-choice examination answer sheet.

Computer output devices

Here are some important output device used by the computer.

 monitor

 Plotter

 printer

monitor
Color display device is the main output of the computer is also referred to as
a video display unit (VDU). It forms an image from a tiny spot called are
arranged in a rectangular shape like. Sharpness of the image depends on
the number of pixels.

There are two types of viewing screen for a display.

 A cathode ray tube (CRT)

 Flat panel displays

A cathode ray tube (CRT) display
CRT displays are composed of small picture elements called pixels. Smaller
pixels, image clarity, resolution or better. This requires more than one light
emitting pixels form an integral characteristic, such as the letter "E" in the
word Help

A limited number of characters can be displayed simultaneously on the

screen.The screen can be divided into a series of character blocks - a fixed
position on the screen, a standard character can be placed. Most of the
screen is capable of displaying data level 80 characters and 25 lines
vertically. There are some disadvantages of the CRT:

 Big size

 High Power
Flat panel displays
Flat-panel display refers to a type of video equipment, with respect to the
cathode ray tube having a reduced size, weight and power
requirements. You can hang them on the wall, or to wear on your wrist. The
current use of flat panel displays include calculators, games, displays,
notebook computers, graphic display.

Flat panel displays fall into two categories:

 Light emitting display - that is emission display devices convert electric

energy into light. For example, in the plasma panel and LED (light emitting
diode).
 Non-light emitting display - non-light emitting display using the optical
effects of sunlight or light from other sources into the graphical mode. E.g., an
LCD (liquid crystal device)
printer
The printer is an output device, which is used to print information file.

There are two types of printers:

 Dot matrix printer

 Non-impact printers

Dot matrix printer

Impact printer hit the print ribbon on the characters, and then it will be
printed on the paper.

Dot matrix printer characteristics are as follows:

 Very low cost of consumables

 Very noisy

 For bulk printing costs low

 There are paper produces an image of physical contact

These two types of printers

  Character printer

 Printer Line
Character printer
Character printer each time you print a character.

This is of two types:

 Dot matrix printer (DMP)

 Daisy wheel

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

On the market of the most popular printers are dot matrix printer. These
printers are popular because it is affordable price print. Each character
pattern printed on the form of dots and head including pin matrix size (5 *
7,7 * 9,9 * 9 * 7 or 9) is formed out of, which is why it is called a character
dot matrix printer.

advantage

 Inexpensive

 widely used

 Other language characters can be printed

Shortcoming

 Slow

 low quality
DAISY WHEEL
Head lying on the wheels and the corresponding pin character like Daisy
(nickname) petals, which is why it is called a daisy-wheel printer. These
printers are generally used for word processing, which can take several
letters sent to the office with a very good quality.

advantage

 More reliable than the DMP

 Better quality

 Character fonts can be easily changed

Shortcoming

 Slower than the DMP

 noise

 More expensive than the DMP

Line printer
Line printer to print a line of time

These are the two types of

 Roller presses

 Chain printer

> DRUM PRINTER

The shape is like a drum printer so, it is called a drum printer. The drum
surface is divided into a number of tracks. Total number of tracks equal to
the paper, that paper width dimension 132 characters, there will be 132
drum track. Character set is embossed on the track. Available on the market
a different character set is the character set of 48, 64 and 96 characters
set. A rotating drum printed line. Drum printer speed, and can print 300-
2000 lines per minute.
advantage

 Ultrahigh speed

Shortcoming

 very expensive

 Character font can not be changed

CHAIN PRINTER
In this printer, the chain character set, so it is called chain printers. A
standard character set can have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

advantage

 Character fonts can be easily changed

 Different languages can use the same printer

Shortcoming

 noise

Non-impact printers
Non-impact printer, do not use a printed characters. The printer prints a full
time these pages is also called page printer

These printers are of two types

 laser printer

 Inkjet Printers

Characteristics of non-impact printers

 Faster than impact printers.

 Not noisy.

 high quality.

 It supports multiple fonts and different character sizes.

laser printer
These are non-impact printer. It uses laser light to produce the desired
formation of a character to be printed on the page.

ADVANTAGE

 Ultrahigh speed

 Very high quality output

 It provides good picture quality

 It supports multiple fonts and different character sizes

SHORTCOMING
 expensive.
 It can not be used to make multiple copies of a file in a single print.

Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are based on a relatively new technique of non-impact printer
characters. They droplets of ink characters printed on paper by
spraying. Inkjet printers produce high-quality output decent features.
It makes less noise, because there is no hammering do these there are
many styles available for print mode. Color printing is also possible. Some
models of inkjet printers can produce multiple copies printed.

ADVANTAGE

 High-quality printing

 more reliable

SHORTCOMING

 High expensive cost per page

 Slow compared to laser printers

 Computer - Memory
Computer memory is like the human brain. It is used to store data and
instructions. In computer memory instructions may also be stored as
process data. The memory is divided into a large number of small parts
called cells. Each location has a unique address or cell, from 0 to one less
than the size of the memory. For example, if the computer has 64k words,
the memory cell has a 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. These location
address from 0 to 65535.

Memory is the major three types

 Cache

 Main Memory / Main Memory

 Auxiliary memory

Cache
Cache memory is a very high-speed semiconductor memory, you can speed
up the CPU. It is as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used
to store data and programs, which are those most commonly used part of
the CPU. Transfer data and programs from the disk by the operating system,
CPU can access these data.

advantage
The following are the advantages of a cache memory:

 Cache memory is faster than main memory speed.

 It consumes less than the main memory access time.
 It stores a program to be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.

Shortcoming
The following is a disadvantage of the cache memory:

 Cache memory capacity is limited.

 It is very expensive.
Main memory
Main memory holds data and instructions which are working in the
computer. It has a capacity limit, and when the power is cut off data will be
lost. It generally consists of a semiconductor device. These memories are
not as fast as registers. Data and instructions to be processed resides in the
main memory. It is divided into two sub-RAM and ROM.

Main memory features

 These are semiconductor memory

 This is known as the main memory.

 Typically volatile memory.

 Data loss situation off the power.

 It works in the computer's memory.

 Faster than the two memory.

 A computer can not do without the main memory to run.

Auxiliary memory
This type auxiliary memory is also referred to as an external memory or
non-volatile memory. It is slower than main memory. These are used to
permanently store data / information. CPU can not directly access, but
access to these memories through the input-output method. Secondary
memory contents are first transferred to the main memory and CPU can
access it. For example: disk, CD-ROM, DVD and the like.

Secondary storage characteristics

 This is magnetic and optical storage

 This is known as the backup memory.

 It is a non-volatile memory.

 Data is permanently stored even when the power is turned off

 It is used to store data in a computer.

 Computer may run without secondary memory.

 Relatively slower than main memory.

 Random Access Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the memory of the CPU is programmed to
store data and results. This is a read / write memory for storing data until
the machine is working. Once the machine is turned off, the data is erased.

In the RAM access time is independent of the addresses, and the position of
each storage location within the memory and is easy to reach the same
amount of time spent. Data in RAM can be accessed randomly, but it is very
expensive.

RAM is volatile, for example, when we turn off the computer, or power
outage, the data stored in them is lost. Thus, the back-up uninterruptible
power system (UPS), often use computers. RAM is small, both in the amount
of its physical dimensions and the data it can hold.

Two types of RAM are

 Static RAM (SRAM)

  Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

Static word indicates that the memory contents can be saved as long as
the power supply is not interrupted. However, the data when the power is
down due to the volatile nature of the loss. 6-transistor SRAM chips used
and no capacitance matrix. Transistor does not need power to prevent
leakage, so the SRAM does not require periodic refresh.

Because the extra space in the matrix, SRAM using a plurality of DRAM
memory space than the same amount of chips, so that the higher
manufacturing costs.Therefore, SRAM is used as cache memory for quick
access.

Characteristics of static RAM

 It has a long life

 Without refreshing

 Faster

 As a cache memory

 large size

 expensive

 High Power
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed to maintain data. This is
achieved by rewriting data on a memory hundreds of times per second
refresh circuit completed. DRAM memory available for most systems,
because it is cheap and small. All DRAM is a memory cell capacitor and a
transistor composed of them.

Features Dynamic Memory

 It has a short life cycle data

 You need to constantly refresh

 Compared slow, SRAM

 Used memory

 Small size

 Cheaper

 Less power consumption

Computer read-only memory

ROM is a read-only memory. It is read-only, but you can not write on it. This
type of memory is non-volatile. Information in the manufacturing process of
various permanently stored in memory. ROM storing such instructions
needed to start the computer. This operation is called bootstrapping. ROM
chip is not only in the computer and other electronic products, such as
washing machines and microwave ovens.
The following are types of ROM

MROM (mask ROM)

First ROM device is hard-wired, is contained in a pre-programmed set of
data or instructions. This ROM is known as a mask ROM, it is cheap.

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

PROM is read-only once by the user to modify memory. Users buy a blank
PROM PROM program use and enter the required content. Inside the PROM
chip which is open when it is burned programmed small fuse. It can be
programmed only once, rather than erased. .

EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read

Only Memory)
EPROM can be obtained by exposing it to ultraviolet light for up to 40
minutes duration is erased. Typically, an EPROM eraser to achieve this
functionality.During programming, charges are trapped in a gate insulating
region. Charge holding more than ten years, because there is no leakage
path charges. For erasing the charge, ultraviolet light through a quartz
window (cover). This exposure to UV light to dissipate the charge. In normal
use quartz cover is sealed with stickers.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and
Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM programming and erasing electrically. It can be erased and
reprogrammed about 10,000 times. Both erased and programmed to 4-10
milliseconds (ms). In the EEPROM, any position can be selectively erased
and programmed. EEPROM can be erased one byte at time, rather than
erase the entire chip. Thus, the process of reprogramming is flexible, but
slower.

The advantages of ROM

The following are the advantages of ROM:

 Nonvolatile nature

 These will not be accidentally modified

 Cheaper than RAM

 Easy to test

 More reliable than RAM

 These are static and do not need refreshing

 Its content is always known and can be verified

Motherboard
Board as a single platform to connect together all the components of a
computer. It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives,
graphics cards, sound cards, and the like directly or through cable and port
expansion cards. It can be seen as the backbone of a computer.
Motherboard features
Motherboard is equipped with the following features:

 Motherboard supports various types of very different components.

 Typically, the motherboard supports a single type of CPU, and some types of
memory.
 Normal compatible video card, hard drive, sound card and motherboard must
 Motherboards, chassis and power supply must be compatible to work together
properly.

Popular vendors
 Intel

 ASUS

 AOpen

 ABIT

 Biostar

 Gigabyte

 MSI
Description Motherboard
Motherboard installed in the chassis, and connected by small screws
through pre-drilled hole firmly. The motherboard is the port to connect all of
the internal components. It provides a single outlet for the CPU, and the
memory, typically one or more time slots are available. Motherboard
provides port, floppy drive connector via a ribbon cable, hard drives and
optical drives. Motherboard and fan design with a special port for the power
supply.

There is a peripheral card slot in front of the board for the video cards,
sound cards and other expansion cards to the motherboard.

On the left, the motherboard ports to connect multiple monitors, printers,

mice, keyboards, speakers, and network cable. Board also provides a USB
port, which allows a compatible device plug / plug out of date, for example,
to connect a pen drive, digital camera and so on.

Computers - Memory Cards

The storage unit is:

 The amount of data can be stored in the storage unit.

 Storage capacity in bytes calculated.

The following are the main memory storage unit

serial Unit description

number

1 Bit (binary digit) Binary numbers are logical 0 and 1 indicate the
passive component or circuit working condition.

2 Four Group 4 is referred to nibble.

3 Byte A group of eight called a byte. Bytes can represent
the smallest unit of a data item or character.

4 Word
Computer text bytes a fixed set of numbers may be
different in two computers, however, it is fixed for
each computer.

The length of a computer word is called word

length or word length, which can be as small as 8
or may be as long as 96. Computer information
stored in a computer text form.

The following is a higher storage cell

serial Unit description

number.

1 Kilobytes (KB) 1 KB = 1024 bytes

2 Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB

3 Gigabytes (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB

4 Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB

5 Petabytes (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB

PC port
What is a port?
A port:

 Is a physical stops for the external devices connected to the computer. .

 In order to flow through the computer network information from the program,
but also as a port stops.

Feature
Port has the following characteristics:

 External devices connected to the computer with a cable and port.

 Port motherboard to the external device cable is plugged into the slot.
 An external device via a mouse port, a keyboard, a display, a microphone, a
speaker, etc. connections.
Here are a few important types of ports:

Serial Port

 For external modems and old computer mouse

 Two versions: 9-pin, 25-pin models

 Mobile Data 115 kilobits per second

Parallel Port

 For scanner and printer

 Also known as the printer port

 25-pin models

 Also known as IEEE1284 compliant parallel port

PS / 2 port
 For old computer keyboard and mouse
 Also called the mouse port
 Most of the old computer provides two PS / 2 ports for the mouse and keyboard,
respectively
 Also known as IEEE1284 compliant parallel port
A universal serial bus (or USB) port
 It can be connected to various external USB devices such as external hard
drives, printers, scanners, mice, keyboards and so on.
 According to reports in 1997.
 Most computer provides two USB ports
 Data travels 12 megabits per second
 USB-compatible devices can be powered from a USB port

VGA port
 Monitor connected to the computer's video card.
 There are 15 holes.
 Similar serial port connector, but having a pin serial port connector, it has some
holes.

Power Connectors
 Pin plug
 Connection to plug into a power bar or wall socket computer power cord

FireWire ports
 Transmission of large amounts of data at very fast speeds.
 Connect the camcorder to the computer and video equipment
 Data travels 400~800 megabits per second
 Apple invented
 Three variants: 4-pin FireWire400 ports, 6-pin connector and FireWire400 the
FireWire 800 9-pin connector

Modem port

 Connecting a PC modem connected to the telephone network

Ethernet port
 Connected to the network and high-speed Internet.
 Connect the network cable to the computer.
 This port where the Ethernet card
 Data traveling at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per second depending on
network bandwidth.
Game port

 Joystick connected to the PC

 Now, replaced by USB

Digital Video Interface, DVI Interface
 Connecting flat panel LCD computer displays and high-end video graphics cards.
 In the video card manufacturer welcome.

socket
 Connecting a microphone, speakers, computer sound card

computer hardware
Computer hardware represents the physical and tangible components. For
example, components, where we can see and touch.

The following are examples of hardware:

 Input devices - keyboard, mouse, and so on.

 Output devices - printers, monitors, and so on.

 Secondary storage devices - hard drives, CD, DVD and so on.

 Internal components - the CPU, motherboard, memory and so on.

The relationship between hardware and
software
 H hardware and software are dependent on each other. Both sides must work
together to cause the computer to produce a useful output.
 Use the software can not do without hardware support.
 Without a computer program, the hardware can not be used.
 In a computer to perform any tasks related software should be loaded into the
hardware
 Hardware cost is disposable.
 Software development is very expensive, is an ongoing investment.
 Different applications can be loaded to run different jobs in hardware
 Software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
 If the hardware is the computer's "heart" of the software is its "soul."Both
complementary to each other.

computer software
Software is a program, which aims to carry out a well-defined
function. Program is a sequence of instructions written to solve specific
problems.
There are two types of software

 system software

 application

system software
System software is a program that is designed to operate, control and
expansion of computer processing power. System software generally by the
computer manufacturer. These software products include low-level
language programs written with the hardware in a very basic level of
interaction. System software can be used as an interface between the
hardware and end-user.

Some examples of operating systems, compilers, interpreters, assembler,

and other systems software.

The following are the features of the system software:

 Turn off the system

 high speed

 Design difficulty

 Difficult to understand

 Reducing Interactive

 Volume reduction

 Difficult to operate

 Usually written in low-level languages

application
Application software is designed to meet the specific needs of a particular
environment. Software written in a laboratory is considered to be the
application software.

A software application may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft

Notepad, for writing and editing simple text. It can also be set by the
program, commonly referred to as a package, which together to complete a
task, such as a spreadsheet package.

The following are examples of applications:

 Payroll Software

 Student records software

 Inventory Management Software

 Income Tax Software

 Railways Reservation Software

 Microsoft Office Suite software

 Microsoft Word

 Microsoft Excel

 Microsoft Powerpoint

The following is the application software features:

 user friendly

 Ease of Design

 More Interactive

 Slow speed

 Usually written in high-level language

  Easy to understand

 Easy to operate and use

 Larger size, and require a large storage space

Digital computer system

When we enter any letters or words, computers translate those words into a
digital, because the computer can understand some. A computer can
understand the position of digital systems and a few symbols called the
number, but, based on the position occupied by the computer, these
symbols represent different values.

In some of the value of each number can be determined using a digital

 digital
 Location digit number
 Number of system (in which the group is defined as the total number of bits
available numbering system) of the base).

Decimal number system

Digital system that we use in everyday life is a decimal number
system.Decimal number system is base 10, because it uses 10 numbers,
from the decimal system 0-9, the continuous position to the left of the
decimal Representative units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on.

A base (10) of the respective positions indicated by a particular power. For

example, the decimal number 1234 is included in the unit in position 3
dozens, hundreds of two positions in one thousand bits 4 and 1, and its
value can be expressed as

(1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4xl)

(1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4xl00)
1000 + 200 + 30 + 4
1234

As a computer programmer or IT professional, you should know some of the

following digital systems often use the computer.

SN Number System and Description

1
Binary number system

Use base 2 digits: 0, 1

2
Octal number system

Using the corresponding eight digits: 0 to 7

3
Hexadecimal number system

Using base 16 digits: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F

Binary number system

The following is a characteristic of the binary
number system:
 Use two digits, 0 and 1.
 Also called a base 2 system
 In the binary number 0 for each position represents the power base (2)).
Example 2 0

 In the last position represents a binary number AX power base (2). EXAMPLE
2 x final position wherein x represents 1.

example
Binary number: 10101 2

Calculate the decimal equivalent:

step Binary Decimal
number

step 1 10101 2 ((1 2 X 4 ) + (X 2 0 3

) + (2 1 X 2
) + (2 X 0 1
) + (2 X
1 0 )) 10

Step 2 10101 2 (16 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 1) 10

Step 3 10101 2 21 10

Note: 10101 2 usually written as 10101.

Octal number system

The following is the octal number system
characteristics:
 Use eight digits, 6,7.
 Also called the base 8 system
 In each location representative of an octal number 0 power base (8) Column 8 0

 In the final position represents a base for a octal AXpower (8) column. 8 x where x
represents the last position --1.

Row
Octal number: 12570 .8

Calculate the decimal equivalent:

step Octal Decimal

step 1 12570 .8 ((1. 8 X 4

) + (2. 8 X 3
) + (5. 8 X 2
) + (. 7. 8 X 1
) + (X 0.
8 0 )) 10

Step 2 12570 .8 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0) 10

Step 3 12570 .8 5496 10

Note: 12570 .8 is usually written as 12570.

Hexadecimal number system

The following is a hexadecimal number system
characteristics:
 Using 10-bit and six letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
 Letter represents a number starting with 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E =
14, F = 15.
 Also known as the base 16 system
 At each position represents a hexadecimal number 0power base (16).Example
16 0

 In the last hexadecimal digit position representative base (16) of Example AX

power 16 x wherein x represents the final position of --1.

example
Hexadecimal number: 19FDE 16

Calculate the decimal equivalent:

step Binary Decimal

number

step 19FDE 16 ((1 X 16 4 ) + (. 9 X 16 3

) + (F. X 16 2
) + (D X 16 1) +
(E X 16 0 )) 10

Step 2 19FDE 16 ((1 X 16 4 ) + (. 9 X 16 3

) + (15 X 16 2
) + (13 X 161 )
+ (14 X 16 0 )) 10

Step 3 19FDE 16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14) 10

Step 4 19FDE 16 106462 10

Note: 19FDE 16 is usually written as 19FDE.

 Computer - Number of change
There are many methods or techniques can be used for digital conversion
from one base station to another. Here we will show the following:

 Decimal to other essential systems

 Other basic systems to decimal

 Other basic systems to non-metric

 Shortcuts - Binary to octal

 Shortcuts - octal to binary

 Shortcuts - Binary to hexadecimal

 Shortcuts - hexadecimal to binary

Decimal to other essential systems

step

 Step 1-- split decimal number, it will be converted by the new base value.
 Step 2 - Get the rightmost bit from Step 1 new remainder number of bases
(least significant bit.
 Step 3 - on a new basis by dividing the quotient in front of the gap.
 Step 4 - to 3 as a new next number (on the left) recording the number of bases
from the remainder of the steps.

Repeat steps 3 and 4, from right to left to get the remainder until the
quotient is zero in step 3.

The last remaining part of the thus obtained will be the most significant new
digital basic number (MSD.
Example
Decimal: 29 10

Calculate the equivalent binary number:

step Operating Results result the remaining

step 1 29/2 14 1

Step 2 14/2 7 0

Step 3 7/2 3 1

Step 4 3/2 1 1

Step 5 ½ 0 1

It has been mentioned in steps 2 and 4, and the rest are arranged in reverse
order, so that the remainder becomes at least the first significant digit
(LSD), the last remaining of the most significant digit (MSD).

Decimal: 29 10 = binary number: 11101 2

Other basic system to decimal

step

 STEP 1 - determine each digit column (position) value (depending on the basis
of the location and number of bits of the system).
 Step 2 - multiplication value obtained by column (step 1) by the number in the
appropriate column.
 Step 3 - summed calculated in step 2 product altogether is the decimal
equivalent.

Example
Binary number: 11101 2
Calculate the decimal equivalent:

step Binary Decimal

number

step 1 11101 2 ((1 2 X 4 ) + (1 2 X 3

) + (2 1 X 2
) + (2 X 0 1
) + (2 X
1 0 )) 10

Step 2 11101 2 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1) 10

Step 3 11101 2 29 10

Binary number: 11101 2 = decimal number: 29 10

Other basic system to non-metric

step

 STEP 1 - the original number is converted to decimal (base 10).

 Step 2 - converting decimal number to obtain a new base.

Example
Octal number: 25 .8

Calculate the equivalent binary:

Step 1: convert to decimal

step Octal Decimal

step 1 25 .8 ((X 2. 8 1
) + (5 X. 8 0
)) 10

Step 2 25 .8 (16 + 5) 10

Step 3 25 .8 21 10

Octal number: 25 .8 = decimal number: 21 10

Step 2: decimal to binary
step operating result remind

step 1 21/2 10 1

Step 2 10/2 5 0

Step 3 5/2 2 1

Step 4 twenty two 1 0

Step 5 ½ 0 1

Decimal: 21 10 = binary number: 10101 2

Octal number: 25 .8 = binary number: 10101 2

Shortcuts - Binary to octal

step

 STEP 1 - divided into three groups of binary digits (from right)

 Step 2 - Each group of three binary bits into an octal number.

Row
Binary number: 10101 2

Octal equivalent calculation:

step Binary number Octal

step 1 10101 2 010 101

Step 2 10101 2 2 .8 5 .8
Step 3 10101 2 25 .8

Binary number: 10101 2 = octal number: 25 .8

The quickest way - octal to binary

step

 STEP 1 - Each octal digit is converted to a 3-bit binary numbers (octal numbers
can be handled the conversion to decimal
 Step 2 - all the generated binary groups (three each number) into a single
binary number.

Row
Octal number: 25 .8

Calculate the equivalent binary number:

Step Octal Binary number

step 1 25 .8 2 10 5 10

Step 2 25 .8 010 2 101 2

Step 3 25 .8 010101 2

Octal number: 25 .8 = binary number: 10101 2

Shortcuts - Binary to hexadecimal

step

 STEP 1 - divided into four groups of binary digits (from right)).

 Step 2 - each group of four binary digits is converted to a hexadecimal notation.

Example
Binary number: 10101 2
Calculate the equivalent Hex:

step Binary number Hexadecimal number

step 1 10101 2 00010101

Step 2 10101 2 1 10 5 10

Step 3 10101 2 15 16

Binary number: 10101 2 = hexadecimal number: 15 16

Shortcut - Hexadecimal to binary

step

 STEP 1 - Each hexadecimal number is converted to a 4-bit binary number

(hexadecimal number that can be processed as decimal conversion).
 Step 2 - all the generated binary groups (four digits each) into a single binary
number.

Row
Hexadecimal number: 15 16

Calculate the equivalent binary number:

step Hexadecimal number Binary number

step 1 15 16 1 10 5 10

Step 2 15 16 0001 2 0101 2

Step 3 15 16 00010101 2

Hexadecimal number: 15 16 = binary number: 10101 2

 Computer - Data and Information
What is the data?
Accordance with the formal method, data can be defined as facts, concepts
or instructions. It should apply to communications, human or electronic
machine interpretation and processing.

Data are expressed with the help of characters like English letters (AZ, az),
numbers (0-9) or special characters (+, -, /, *, <,>, =, etc.)).

What is the information?

Classified information and organizational data, it has a meaningful value.

Determining information is based on the processed data

For meaningful decisions, data processing must comply with the following
characteristics:

 Timely - information should be available when it is needed.

 Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
 Integrity - - information should be complete.
Data processing cycle
Data processing in reorganization or reordering of data by a person or a
machine, in order to increase their effectiveness and added value for a
specific purpose. Data processing includes input basic steps, processing and
output. This data processing cycles of three steps.

 Input - In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for
processing. It will depend on the form of processing machinery.For example,
when a computer is used, the input data may be recorded in any of the multiple
types of input media, such as disks, tapes and the like.
 Treated - Enter the data in this step is changed to a more useful form to
generate data. For example, wages, checking time cards from the calculation,
the monthly sales summary can be calculated from the sales order.
 Output - Output data specific forms depending on the data used. For example,
the output data can be payroll, employee checks.
 Computer Networking
What is computer networking?
Computer networking is a system that connects multiple computers to share
information and resources with each other.

Computer networking features

 Shared resources from one computer to another
 Create a file networking access these files and store them on a computer, you
can from other computers through
  In networking, connect a printer, scanner or fax machine to make a computer
networked to other computers connected to the Internet using the available
machines.

The following is a list of the hardware needed to set up a networked

computer.

 Network Cable

 switchboard

 router

 Built-in LAN

 External network adapter

Network Cable
Network cable is used to connect a computer. The most commonly used
cable is a Category 5 cable RJ-45.

switchboard
PC can be connected via the serial port to another one, but if we need to
connect multiple computers to generate a network, the serial connection
will not work. The solution is to use a central body, the other computers,
printers, scanners, etc., can be connected, then the agency will manage or
distribute network traffic.
router
A router is a device that acts as the connection point connecting computers
and other Internet devices. Router called port holes and equipped with a
computer connected to the network cable to the router and other
equipment. Now-a-days mode wireless router to use this computer can be
used without any physical cable connection.
NIC
NIC is a necessary part of the computer, and if not, then the card, the
computer can not be connected to the network. It is also known as a
network adapter or network interface card (NIC). Most brand computers are
pre-installed card. NIC There are two types: internal and external network
cards.

BUILT-IN LAN
The motherboard has a slot for an internal network card, where it is to be
inserted. Internal network card, there are two types, the first type uses a
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) connection, while the second type
uses an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is. Network Cable was asked to
provide network access.

EXTERNAL NETWORK ADAPTER

External network adapter has two forms: wireless and USB-based. Wireless
network card needs to be inserted into the motherboard, but there is no
need to connect the network cable to the network
Universal Serial Bus (USB)

USB card is easy to use, and is connected via a USB port. Computer
automatically detects the USB card can be installed to automatically
supports USB adapter required drivers.
 Computer operating system
This is a program that has the following characteristics:

 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the

computer hardware and software
 This is a specialized integrated computer programs, computer operation and
management of the overall resources.
 This is a specialized software to control and monitor all other execution of the
program resides in the computer, including software applications, and other
systems.

The target operating system

 In order to make the computer system convenient and effective manner
 To hide hardware resources from the user's details
 To provide users with a convenient interface to use the computer system
 As hardware and user, making it easier for users to access and use other
resources intermediary between
 Computer Resource Management System
 To track who is using what resources to give the requested resource, based on
the use of resources and mediation from different programs and by conflicting
user requirements
 Effective and equitable sharing of resources between the user and the program
provides
Characteristics of the operating system
 Memory management - keeps the main memory, which is used as part of what
it is by whom and which part is not in use, etc., and when allocating memory, a
process or program requires its orbit.
 Processor management - assignment processor (CPU) of a process, and
release the processor when it is no longer needed.
 Device Management - - tracking all devices. This is also known as I / O control
unit determines if the device obtained in this way, when, and how much time.
 File management - allocation and de-allocation of resources, and decide who
gets the resources.
 Security - prevents unauthorized access to programs and data through
passwords and other similar techniques.
 Task tracking - tracking time and use a variety of work and / or resource users.
 Control of the performance of the system - the recording delay between
the request for a service, and then from the system. .
 Computer operator interaction - interaction may occur in the form of a
computer console instructions. Operating system recognize, as do the
appropriate action and inform the operator through the screen
  Error detection - production dumps, error messages, and other debugging and
tracking error detection method.
 Coordination between the users and other software -Coordination and
compilers, each user interpreter, assembler software distribution and other
computer systems.

Computer Internet & Intranet

Internet
It is a global system, has the following characteristics:

 The Internet is a global computer network system.

 Internet uses standard Internet Protocol (TCP / IP)
 Each computer on the Internet has a unique IP address
 An IP address is a unique series of numbers (eg 110.22.33.114) recognized by
the computer location. .
 Special computer DNS (domain name server) used to give names to IP addresses
so that users can find the computer name.
 For example, DNS server resolves
nameshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com example, DNS server resolves the
name, http: //www.tutorialspoint.com, which is a specific IP address to identify
specific computers hosted on the site .
 Internet access to every user around the world.
Intranet
 Multiple PC connection with a networked system.
 In intranet PC can not access to the network outside
 Typically, each company or organization has its own internal network and
members / employees can be connected to your computer through the network.
 Intranet Each computer has a unique IP address recognition by

Similarity between Internet and intranet

 Intranet using Internet protocols such as TCP / IP and FTP.
  Intranet is a Web browser to access Internet sites by a similar manner.But
Intranet members of the network can access the internal web sites hosting.
 Similar Internet instant messengers such as Yahoo Messenger / Gtalk can use
the intranet.

The difference between the Internet and

Intranet
 Internet can be accessed around the world, and the intranet are specific to a
small number of personal computers.
 The Internet has provided a large number of people the site more accessible,
and, intranet is limited.
 Internet access is not the same intranet security, but the privatization of
intranets can safely needed.

How to buy a computer?

This chapter provides the following information:

 In this guide, we will help you buy a computer for each part.
 Desktop PC is highly customizable, so it is best to understand the main section,
and then go directly to the manufacturer or retail store or site instead of looking
for some specific pattern.
 Top desktop computer brand Dell, Lenovo, HP and Apple.
 Comparison of desktop computers based on specifications and price basis
Monitor
 Size - This is the diagonal size of the LCD screen. The larger the area, the
greater the image screen. A Bigger Picture is the best watch movies and play
games. This will increase productivity.
 Resolution - This is the number of pixels on the screen. For example, a 24-inch
display is 1920x1200 resolution (length x width) and 22-inch display is 1680 ×
1050. High Resolution provides better picture quality and a good gaming
experience.
 Input - now-a-days the monitor can receive input from cable and away from the
computer. It can have a USB port.
 Stand - s Some Monitors Come the while the with Adjustable Stands May Not
some.
 Recommendation - 24-inch LCD monitor.
operating system
 The operating system is the main computer software will run on it.
 There are mainly three options: the Windows, the Linux, Apple OS X.
 Linux linux is free, but people generally do not use a home computer.
 Apple Apple OS X only on Apple's desktops.
 The Windows the Windows desktop users. 7 is very popular.
 Most of the computer eating pre-mounted Windows7 Starter version.
 Windows 8 introduced on the market in the near future and Windows8.
 Windows 7 and Windows8 Windows 7 and 8 there is a starter version of Home
Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate, and Enterprise editions.
 According to Edition version increases, the list of features and prices.
 > Recommended - Windows 7 Home Premium.

Optical drives (CD / DVD / Blu-ray)

 Optical drives CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs.
 Now-a-days, DVD burner industry standards.
 DVD burner can burn CD, DVD and games
 DVD burners are cheaper than Blu-ray drive
 Blu-ray drive, you can play HD movies, but expensive components.
  Recommended - DVD burner.

Memory
 RAM is considered to be a computer memory, because the computer's
performance is directly proportional to its memory and processor.
 Today's software and operating systems that require high memory.
 Today common RAM is DDR3 1066MHZ work
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 Recommended - 4 GB.

Hard disk drive

 Hard disk for storage purposes. Higher capacity, more data can be stored inside.
  Now-a-days computer is equipped with 500GB hard drive, expandable to 2TB.
 Most desktop hard drive running at 7200 rpm speed performance standard.
 Recommended - 500GB.

CPU
 Frequency (GHz) - This determines the speed of the processor. More speed,
better CPU.
 Core - now for the day with a plurality of CPU core, which is like a computer
multiple CPU. Such programs can take full advantage of multi-core
environments running speed of the machine.
 Brand - Intel or AMD. The two are equivalent. Intel is leading.
 Cache - higher L1, L2 cache, better CPU performance
 Recommended - the Intel Core i3 i3-32253.30 GHz processor.