All Arduino Built-in libraries:

Core Libraries

1. Arduino.h – The main core library for all Arduino sketches.

2. Wire – I2C communication.
3. SPI – SPI communication.
4. SoftwareSerial – Software serial communication on other digital pins.
5. EEPROM – Reading and writing to EEPROM memory.
6. Servo – Control for servo motors.
7. LiquidCrystal – For character LCDs.
8. SPI.h – Low-level SPI communication.
9. SD – For accessing SD cards.
10. Time – Time management functions.
11. WMath – Mathematical functions.
12. Math.h – Standard math functions.
13. Keypad – For interfacing with keypad matrices.
14. Wire.h – For I2C communication.
15. SPI.h – For SPI communication.
16. Stream – Stream class for input/output operations.

Sensor Libraries

1. Adafruit_Sensor – Unified sensor library for various Adafruit sensors.

2. DHT – DHT11/DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor.
3. Adafruit_BMP280 – BMP280 Barometric Pressure and Temperature sensor.
4. Adafruit_GPS – For interfacing with GPS modules.
5. Adafruit_LSM303 – For LSM303 Accelerometer and Magnetometer.
6. Adafruit_TCS3200 – Color sensor library (TCS3200).
7. OneWire – For OneWire devices like DS18B20 temperature sensors.
8. NewPing – Library for ultrasonic sensors like HC-SR04.
9. Adafruit_MPU6050 – Accelerometer and Gyroscope (MPU6050 sensor).
10. VL53L0X – Time-of-Flight distance sensor.
11. HX711 – Load cell amplifier library for weighing scales.
12. Ultrasonic – For ultrasonic sensors (e.g., HC-SR04).

Display Libraries

1. Adafruit_GFX – Graphics library for use with various displays.

2. Adafruit_SSD1306 – For controlling OLED displays based on SSD1306.
3. TFT – For controlling TFT screens.
4. LiquidCrystal_I2C – For controlling LCD screens over I2C.
5. U8g2 – Universal graphics library for multiple displays.
6. Adafruit_ILI9341 – TFT display library.
7. TFT_eSPI – A library for using ESP32/ESP8266 with TFT displays.

Communication Libraries

1. WiFi – For Wi-Fi communication with ESP8266/ESP32.

2. WiFi101 – For Wi-Fi communication with the Wi-Fi shield 101.
3. GSM – For GSM communication using the GSM shield.
4. Ethernet – For Ethernet shield communication.
5. LoRa – For LoRa communication.
6. XBee – For XBee radio communication.
 7. BLE – Bluetooth Low Energy communication.
8. RFID – For RFID communication.
9. Firmata – A library to control Arduino from a computer via serial communication.
10. NTPClient – For getting time over the network using NTP protocol.
11. Adafruit_MQTT – MQTT library for communicating with brokers.

Motor Libraries

1. AccelStepper – Advanced stepper motor control.

2. Stepper – Basic stepper motor control.
3. DCMotor – Control for DC motors.
4. Adafruit_Motor_Shield_V2 – Motor control using Adafruit Motor Shield V2.
5. Servo – For controlling servo motors.

Real-Time Libraries

1. Time – A library for time-related functions.

2. RTClib – For interfacing with RTC (Real-Time Clock) modules like DS3231.
3. TimerOne – For Timer1 on Arduino boards for precise timing.
4. TimerThree – For Timer3 on Arduino boards.
5. Metro – For time-based task scheduling.

File System Libraries

1. SD – For accessing SD cards (SD card file system).

2. SPIFFS – For using the SPI Flash File System, common with ESP8266 and ESP32.

Audio Libraries

1. Tone – For generating sound using tone generation.

2. Mozzi – A sound synthesizer library for Arduino.

Other Libraries

1. FastLED – A library for controlling RGB LEDs like WS2812 (Neopixels).

2. Adafruit_NeoPixel – A library for controlling individually addressable RGB LEDs.
3. IRremote – For receiving and transmitting infrared signals.
4. Adafruit_LIS3DH – For 3D accelerometer control.
5. Adafruit_NFCShield – For NFC/RFID modules.
6. Bounce2 – For debouncing buttons.
7. PID_v1 – A PID control library for feedback systems.
8. AccelStepper – For advanced stepper motor control.
9. DFPlayerMini_Fast – For controlling the DFPlayer Mini MP3 module.

Miscellaneous Libraries

1. Adafruit_ServoMotor – For controlling servos.

2. SimpleDHT – A simple library for DHT sensors (DHT11/DHT22).
3. Adafruit_BNO055 – For interfacing with the BNO055 (9-axis sensor).
4. Adafruit_VL53L0X – For the VL53L0X distance sensor (time-of-flight sensor).
5. Adafruit_TemperatureSensor – For working with temperature sensors
analogRead(A0)- used to read that value of voltage at A0 pin

0 means 0V

1023 means 5V

int a;

a=analogRead(A0); //means the value of analog voltage at pin A0 is stored in a.

-o -

map() is a built-in Arduino function that scales a number from one range to another.

map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh)

 value → The number to scale (e.g., a from analogRead(A0))

 fromLow & fromHigh → The original range (e.g., 0 to 1023)

 toLow & toHigh → The new range (e.g., 0 to 255)

List of All Arduino Built-in Functions

1️⃣ Basic Functions

 setup() → Runs once at the beginning.

 loop() → Runs repeatedly after setup().

2️⃣ Digital I/O Functions (For reading and writing digital pins)

 pinMode(pin, mode) → Sets a pin as INPUT, OUTPUT, or INPUT_PULLUP.

 digitalWrite(pin, value) → Sets a pin HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V).
 digitalRead(pin) → Reads a digital input (HIGH or LOW).

3️⃣ Analog I/O Functions (For reading and writing analog values)

 analogRead(pin) → Reads a value (0-1023) from an analog pin.

 analogWrite(pin, value) → Writes a PWM signal (0-255) to a pin (only on PWM pins ~).

4️⃣ Math Functions

 map(value, fromLow, fromHigh, toLow, toHigh) → Scales a number from one range
to another.
 constrain(value, min, max) → Limits a number within a range.
 min(x, y) → Returns the smaller number.
 max(x, y) → Returns the larger number.
 abs(x) → Returns the absolute value.
 pow(base, exponent) → Raises a number to a power.
  sqrt(x) → Returns the square root.

5️⃣ Time Functions

 delay(ms) → Pauses the program for ms milliseconds.

 millis() → Returns the number of milliseconds since the program started.
 micros() → Returns the number of microseconds since the program started.

6️⃣ Serial Communication (For Printing Data to PC/Monitor)

 Serial.begin(baudRate) → Starts serial communication (e.g., Serial.begin(9600);).

 Serial.print(value) → Prints a value in the Serial Monitor.
 Serial.println(value) → Prints a value with a new line.
 Serial.read() → Reads incoming data.
 Serial.available() → Checks if there is incoming data.

7️⃣ Trigonometry & Random Functions

 sin(x), cos(x), tan(x) → Trigonometric functions.

 random(min, max) → Returns a random number in a range.
 randomSeed(seed) → Seeds the random generator.

8️⃣ Bitwise Functions (For Advanced Control)

 bitRead(x, n), bitWrite(x, n, b), bitSet(x, n), bitClear(x, n) → Manipulate

specific bits.
 shiftLeft(x, n), shiftRight(x, n) → Bit shifting operations.

Capstone idea-

1)delivery drone

2)automating crop cutting

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