programming and scripting languages:-

_______________________________________

By Level of Abstraction:-
-------------------------
Low-Level Languages:-
---------------------
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.

High-Level Languages:-
----------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
AutoHotkey: Scripting language for Windows automation and
hotkeys.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
Julia: High-performance language for scientific
computing.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
ROC: Functional language focused on simplicity and
performance.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
TCL: Scripting language for GUIs and embedded systems.
Octave: MATLAB-like language for numerical computations.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

By Programming Paradigm:-
-------------------------
Procedural Languages:-
----------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.

Object-Oriented Languages:-
---------------------------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.

Functional Languages:-
----------------------
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
ROC: Functional language focused on simplicity and
performance.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.

Logic-Based Languages:-
-----------------------
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.

Multi-Paradigm Languages:-
--------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.

By Execution Model:-
--------------------
Compiled Languages:-
---------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.

Interpreted Languages:-
-----------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps (transpiled to JavaScript).
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

Bytecode/VM-Based Languages:-
-----------------------------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.

By Purpose/Domain:-
-------------------
General-Purpose Languages:-
---------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.

Systems Programming Languages:-

-------------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.

Web Development Languages:-

---------------------------
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.

Mobile App Development:-

------------------------
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps.

Scientific Computing Languages:-

--------------------------------
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Julia: High-performance language for scientific
computing.
Octave: MATLAB-like language for numerical computations.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.

Game Development Languages:-

----------------------------
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.

Embedded Systems Languages:-

----------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.

Scripting and Automation Languages:-

------------------------------------
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
AutoHotkey: Scripting language for Windows automation and
hotkeys.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.

AI and Logic Programming:-

---------------------------
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.

Educational Languages:-
-----------------------
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.

Esoteric Languages:-
--------------------
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

By Type System:-
----------------
Statically Typed Languages:-
----------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.

Dynamically Typed Languages:-

-----------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

By Concurrency Model:-
----------------------
Shared Memory Concurrency:-
---------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation (limited by GIL).
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.

Message Passing Concurrency:-

-----------------------------
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.

Actor Model Concurrency:-

-------------------------
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web (via Akka framework).

By Memory Management:-
----------------------
Manual Memory Management:-
--------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.

Automatic Memory Management (Garbage Collection):-

-------------------------------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.

Ownership and Borrowing:-

-------------------------
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.

By Input Modality:-
-------------------
Text-Based Languages:-
----------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
AutoHotkey: Scripting language for Windows automation and
hotkeys.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
Julia: High-performance language for scientific
computing.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
ROC: Functional language focused on simplicity and
performance.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
TCL: Scripting language for GUIs and embedded systems.
Octave: MATLAB-like language for numerical computations.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

Visual Programming Languages:-

------------------------------
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.

By Language Family:-
--------------------
Algol Family:-
---------------
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.

C Family:-
-----------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.

Lisp Family:-
-------------
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.

ML Family:-
-----------
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.

Smalltalk Family:-
------------------
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.

Scripting Family:-
------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
By Metaprogramming Capabilities:-
---------------------------------
Reflection-Based Metaprogramming:-
----------------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.

Macro-Based Metaprogramming:-
-----------------------------
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++ (via procedural macros).
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems (via preprocessor macros).
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications (via preprocessor macros).

Limited/No Metaprogramming:-
----------------------------
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.

By Error Handling Mechanism:-

-----------------------------
Error Codes:-
-------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.

Exceptions:-
------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.

Result/Option Types:-
---------------------
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.

By Syntax Style:-
-----------------
C-Style Syntax:-
----------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.

Python-Style Syntax:-
---------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.

Lisp-Style Syntax:-
-------------------
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.

Unique/Other Syntax:-
---------------------
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Julia: High-performance language for scientific
computing.
Octave: MATLAB-like language for numerical computations.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
ROC: Functional language focused on simplicity and
performance.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
TCL: Scripting language for GUIs and embedded systems.
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
AutoHotkey: Scripting language for Windows automation and
hotkeys.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.

By Evaluation Strategy:-
------------------------
Strict (Eager) Evaluation:-
---------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.

Lazy (Non-Strict) Evaluation:-

------------------------------
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
By Polymorphism Support:-
-------------------------
Ad-Hoc Polymorphism (Overloading):-
-----------------------------------
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.

Parametric Polymorphism (Generics/Templates):-

---------------------------------------------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.

Subtype Polymorphism (Inheritance):-

------------------------------------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.

By Security Features:-
----------------------
Memory-Safe Languages:-
------------------------
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.

Type-Safe Languages:-
---------------------
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.

By Compilation Target:-
-----------------------
Native Code:-
-------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Vala: Language for GTK apps, compiling to C for
performance.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design.

Bytecode:-
----------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.

Transpiled:-
------------
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development (targeting browsers or Node.js).
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps (transpiled to JavaScript).
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps
(transpiled to multiple targets).
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps (transpiled to JavaScript or native).

Interpreted (No Compilation):-

-----------------------------
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine.
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

By Community Governance:-
------------------------
Open-Source Community-Driven:-
-----------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
ROC: Functional language focused on simplicity and
performance.

Corporate-Driven:-
-----------------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps (Oracle).
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise (Microsoft).
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps
(Apple).
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java (JetBrains).
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps (Apple).
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation (Microsoft).
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration (Microsoft).
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps (Google).
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation (Apache, historically corporate).

Standardized/Consortium-Driven:-
-------------------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems (ISO).
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications (ISO).
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and defense
(ISO).
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations (ISO).
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial systems
(ISO).
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development (ISO).

By Paradigm Granularity:-
-------------------------
Single-Paradigm Languages:-
--------------------------
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.

Multi-Paradigm Languages:-
--------------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
D: Systems language with C++ performance and modern
features.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps.
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation.
Delphi: Object Pascal-based language for rapid Windows app
development.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.

By Expressiveness:-
--------------------
High Expressiveness:-
---------------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Prolog: Logic-based language for AI and knowledge
representation.

Moderate Expressiveness:-
------------------------
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
Elm: Functional language for reliable web frontends.
ROC: Functional language focused on simplicity and
performance.

Low Expressiveness:-
--------------------
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems.
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control.
Fortran: Legacy language for scientific and engineering
computations.
COBOL: Legacy language for business and financial
systems.
Pascal: Structured language for teaching and early
software development.
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and
defense.
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C.
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability.
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance.
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity.
Brainfuck: Esoteric, minimalist language for theoretical
exercises.
Piet: Esoteric language where programs are images
resembling abstract art, using color transitions to execute stack-based operations.
Malbolge: Esoteric language designed to be extremely
difficult to program.
Whitespace: Esoteric language using only spaces, tabs, and
newlines for syntax.
Scratch: Block-based, visual programming language for
beginners, designed for educational interactive projects and games.
Blockly: Visual programming library for creating block-
based coding interfaces, used in educational tools.

By Target Platform:-
--------------------
Cross-Platform:-
----------------
Python: Versatile, readable language for web, data
science, AI, and automation.
Java: Platform-independent language for enterprise and
Android apps.
C#: Microsoft’s .NET language for apps, games (Unity),
and enterprise.
JavaScript: Web scripting language for client- and server-side
development.
Ruby: Web development language, known for Ruby on Rails
and simplicity.
Go: Simple, concurrent language for cloud systems and
scalable apps.
Rust: Safe, high-performance systems language for
concurrency and replacing C/C++.
TypeScript: JavaScript superset with static typing for web
apps.
Clojure: Functional Lisp dialect on JVM for concurrent
systems.
Scala: Functional/object-oriented language for big data
and web.
Kotlin: Modern language for Android and backend,
interoperable with Java.
Groovy: JVM-based scripting language for web and
automation.
Dart: Language for Flutter, used in cross-platform
mobile/web apps.
Haxe: Cross-platform language for games and web apps.
Nim: Python-like, compiled language for web, systems,
and games.
Crystal: Ruby-like syntax with C-like performance for web
and tools.
Perl: Text-processing and scripting language for system
administration.
PHP: Server-side language for web development (e.g.,
WordPress).
Lua: Lightweight scripting language for games and
embedded systems.
Erlang: Concurrency-focused language for telecom and real-
time apps.
Elixir: Concurrent, functional language on Erlang VM for
web systems.
Gleam: Statically typed language for Erlang VM and web
development.
Haskell: Purely functional language for research and
finance.
OCaml: Functional language for compilers and formal
verification.
F#: Functional .NET language for data processing and
finance.
R: Statistical computing language for data analysis
and visualization.
Julia: High-performance language for scientific
computing.
Octave: MATLAB-like language for numerical computations.
Racket: Lisp dialect for scripting, education, and
research.
Lisp: Flexible, symbolic language for AI and research.
Mojo: Python-like language for AI and high-performance
computing.

Platform-Specific:-
-------------------
Swift: Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS apps (Apple
platforms).
Objective-C: Apple’s older language for iOS/macOS apps (Apple
platforms).
PowerShell: Microsoft’s scripting language for system
administration (primarily Windows).
Visual Basic Classic/.NET/VBA: Microsoft languages for desktop, .NET, and Office
automation (primarily Windows).
Shell/Bash: Unix scripting language for automation and system
tasks (Unix/Linux).
C: Low-level language for operating systems and
embedded systems (platform-dependent).
C++: High-performance language for systems, games, and
applications (platform-dependent).
Assembly: Low-level language for direct hardware control
(architecture-specific).
Ada: Safety-critical language for aerospace and defense
(often platform-specific).
Zig: Simple, safe systems language to replace C
(platform-dependent).
Carbon: Experimental C++ successor for safety and
interoperability (platform-dependent).
V: Simple, fast language with C-like syntax for
performance (platform-dependent).
Odin: Systems language for games and tools, emphasizing
simplicity (platform-dependent).
Arduino: C/C++-based language for microcontroller
programming (microcontrollers).
Verilog: Hardware description language for digital systems
design (hardware-specific).
GDScript: Python-like language for Godot game engine (Godot-
specific).
GML (GameMaker Language): Scripting language for GameMaker Studio 2D games
(GameMaker-specific).
Beef: High-performance language for games and real-time
apps (platform-dependent).

___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
|
|
| Excluded Non-Languages: HTML, CSS, Markdown, XML, JSON, YAML, TOML,
AIML (data formats/markup), ASP.NET (framework) |
| , cmd & bat (Windows scripting, not distinct languages)
|
| , Flutter (framework using Dart)
|
| , and Expo (React Native framework, not a language).
|
|
|
| **********************************
|
| *Total: 66 programming languages.*
|
| **********************************
|
|
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________|