Java for Beginners

Java Basic Syntax

• Object - Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has
states-color, name, breed as well as behaviors -wagging, barking,
eating.
• An object is an instance of a class.
• Class - A class can be defined as a template/blue print that describes
the behaviors/states that object of its type support.
• Methods - A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many
methods.
• It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the
actions are executed.
• Instance Variables - Each object has its unique set of instance
variables.
• An object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance
variables.
First Java Program
 Basic Java Syntax:
• Java Programs:
• Case Sensitivity - Java is case sensitive, which means that
identifier
• Hello and hello would have different meaning in Java.
• Class Names - For all class names, the first letter should be in
Upper Case.
• If several words are used to form a name of the class, each inner
word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
• Example class MyFirstJavaClass
• Method Names - All method names should start with a Lower
Case letter.
• If several words are used to form the name of the method, then
each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
• Example public void myMethodName()
 Basic Java Syntax:
• Java Programs:
• Program File Name - Name of the program file should exactly
match the class name.
• When saving the file, you should save it using the class name
(Remember Java is case sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of
the name (if the file name and the class name do not match your
program will not compile).
• Example : Assume 'MyFirstJavaProgram' is the class name, then the
file should be saved as'MyFirstJavaProgram.java'
• public static void main(String args[]) - Java program
processing starts from the main() method, which is a
mandatory part of every Java program.
 Java Identifiers:
• Identifiers are as follows:
• All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to
z), currency character ($) or an underscore (_).
• After the first character, identifiers can have any
combination of characters.
• A keyword cannot be used as an identifier.
• Most importantly identifiers are case sensitive.
• Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value,
__1_value
• Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary
 Java Variables:
• A variable is a place where the program stores data
temporarily.
• As the name implies the value stored in such a location can be
changed while a program is executing (compare with
constants).

• Class exercise:
• Write a program that uses two variables, var1 and var2. var1 is
assigned a value directly while var2 is filled up with the result
of dividing var1 by 2, i.e. var2 = var1/2. The words int refer to
a particular data type, i.e. integer (whole numbers).
 Java Constants:
• A variable is a place where the program stores data
temporarily.
• As the name implies the value stored in such a location can be
changed while a program is executing (compare with
constants).

• Class exercise:
• Write a program that uses two variables, var1 and var2. var1 is
assigned a value directly while var2 is filled up with the result
of dividing var1 by 2, i.e. var2 = var1/2. The words int refer to
a particular data type, i.e. integer (whole numbers).
 Java Variables:
•Local variables:
• Local variables are declared in methods, constructors, or
blocks.
• Local variables are created when the method, constructor or
block is entered and the variable will be destroyed once it
exits the method, constructor or block.
• Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables.
• Local variables are visible only within the declared method,
constructor or block.
• There is no default value for local variables so local variables
should be declared and an initial value should be assigned
before the first use.
 Java Variables:
•Instance variables:
• Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a
method, constructor or any block.
• Instance variables are created when an object is
created with the use of the keyword 'new' and
destroyed when the object is destroyed.
• Instance variables hold values that must be referenced
by more than one method, constructor or block, or
essential parts of an object's state that must be present
throughout the class.
 Java Variables:
•Instance variables:
• Instance variables can be declared in class level before
or after use.
• Access modifiers can be given for instance variables.
• The instance variables are visible for all methods,
constructors and block in the class. Normally, it is
recommended to make these variables private (access
level).
• Instance variables can be accessed directly by calling
the variable name inside the class.
 Java Variables and Data Types:
• Variable Declaration:
• To declare a variable , you must specify the data type & give
the variable a unique name.
 Java Variables and Data Types:

• Variable Initialization:
• To initialize a variable you must assign it a valid value.

• Example :
• int a=2,
• b=4,
• c=6;
• float pi=3.14f;
• double do=20.22d;
• char a=’v’;
 Java Variables and Data Types:
• What is a Type
• A type is what a variable represents or holds
• Example: the number 3 in Java is an int (integer)
The word “Hello” in Java is a string
• Java is strongly typed
• Types must be declared
• Types cannot change after they are declared
Data Types:
Primitive and Non-Primitive Data Types:
• There are eight primitive data types supported by Java.
• Primitive data types are predefined by the language and named by a keyword.
 Java Variables and Data Types:
• What is a Variable?
• A variable can be thought of as a container which holds value for you during the life of
your program.
• Every variable is assigned a data type which designates the type and quantity of a value
it can hold.
• Data types in java
• The different Data Type are ---
• Integer java data types
• byte (1 byte)
• short (2 bytes)
• int (4 bytes)
• long (8 bytes)
Data types practice:
public class datatypes {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int i = 4523; //Can store 32 bit integer values only.
long l = 652345; //Can store 64 bit integer values only.
double d1 = 56.2354; //Can store 64 bit decimal values.
double d2 = 12456; //We can use it for integer values too.
char c = 'd'; //Can store single character only.
boolean t = true; //Can store only boolean values like true or false.

System.out.println("Integer Var Is --> "+i);

System.out.println("Long Var Is --> "+l);
System.out.println("double Var d1 Is --> "+d1);
System.out.println("double Var d2 Is --> "+d2);
System.out.println("char Var c Is --> "+c);
System.out.println("boolean Var b Is --> "+t);
}
}
Scope and Lifetime of Variables:
class ScopeExample {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int x; // known to all code within main
x = 10;
if(x == 10) { // start new scope
int y 20; // known only to this block
// x and y both known here.
System.out.println("x and y: " + x + " " + y);
x = y * 2;
}
// y = 100; // Error! y not known here
// x is still known here.
System.out.println("x is " + x);
}
}
Scope and Lifetime of Variables:
Mathematical Operators:
Java Strings:
 Java Strings:
• Generally, a string is a sequence of characters.
• In java, a string is an object that represents a sequence of
characters.
• String class is used to create a string object.
• There are two ways to create String object:
• By string literal
• Example: String salutation =“Hello java";
• By new keyword
• String salutation = new String(“Hello java");
 Java Strings:
• Java String Example
public class StringExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal

char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string

String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword

System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
}
}
 Java Strings:
• Java String class methods
 Java Strings:
• Java String class methods
 Java Strings:
• String "CompareTo" Method
• I want to check if the String that was generated by some
method is equal to something that I want to verify
with? How do I compare two Strings?
• Use the method “compareTo” and specify the String that
you would like to compare.
• Use “compareToIgnoreCase” in case you don’t want the
result to be case sensitive.
• The result will have the value 0 if the argument string is equal to
this string; a value less than 0 if this string is lexicographically less
than the string argument; and a value greater than 0 if this string
is lexicographically greater than the string argument
 Java Strings:
• String "CompareTo" Method
public class Sample_String{
public static void main(String[] args){
//Compare to a String
String str_Sample = "RockStar";
System.out.println("Compare To 'ROCKSTAR':
"str_Sample.compareTo("rockstar"));
//Compare to - Ignore case
System.out.println("Compare To 'ROCKSTAR' - Case Ignored: " +
str_Sample.compareToIgnoreCase("ROCKSTAR"));
}
}
 Java Strings:
• String "CompareTo" Method
public class Sample_String{
public static void main(String[] args){
//Compare to a String
String str_Sample = "RockStar";
System.out.println("Compare To 'ROCKSTAR':
"str_Sample.compareTo("rockstar"));
//Compare to - Ignore case
System.out.println("Compare To 'ROCKSTAR' - Case Ignored: " +
str_Sample.compareToIgnoreCase("ROCKSTAR"));
}
}
 Java Strings:
• String "Contain" Method
• I partially know what the string should have contained, how do I
confirm if the String contains a sequence of characters I specify?
• Use the method “contains” and specify the characters you need to
check.
• Returns true if and only if this string contains the specified sequence of
char values.
public class Sample_String{
public static void main(String[] args){
//Check if String contains a sequence
String str_Sample = "RockStar";
System.out.println("Contains sequence 'tar': " +
str_Sample.contains("tar"));
}
}
 Java Strings:
• String "endsWith" Method
• How do I confirm if a String ends with a particular suffix?
• Again you answered it. Use the “endsWith” method and specify the suffix
in the arguments.
• Returns true if the character sequence represented by the
argument is a suffix of the character sequence represented by this
object.
public class Sample_String{
public static void main(String[] args){
//Check if ends with a particular sequence String str_Sample =
"RockStar"; System.out.println("EndsWith character 'r': " +
str_Sample.endsWith("r"));
}
}
 Java Strings:
• String "replaceAll" & "replaceFirst" Method
• I want to modify my String at several places and replace
several parts of the String?
• Java String Replace, replaceAll and replaceFirst methods. You
can specify the part of the String you want to replace and the
replacement String in the arguments.
public class Sample_String{
public static void main(String[] args){
//Replace Rock with the word Duke String str_Sample = "RockStar";
System.out.println("Replace 'Rock' with 'Duke': " +
str_Sample.replace("Rock", "Duke"));
}
}
 Java Strings:
• String Java "tolowercase" & Java "touppercase“
• I want my entire String to be shown in lower case or Upper
case?
• Just use the “toLowercase()” or “ToUpperCase()” methods
against the Strings that need to be converted.
public class Sample_String{
public static void main(String[] args){
//Convert to LowerCase String str_Sample = "RockStar";
System.out.println("Convert to LowerCase: " + str_Sample.toLowerCase());
//Convert to UpperCase
System.out.println("Convert to UpperCase: " + str_Sample.toUpperCase());
}
}
 Java Arrays:
• An array is a collection of similar type of elements that have contiguous
memory location
• Java array is an object the contains elements of similar data type.
• It is a data structure where we store similar elements.
• We can store only fixed set of elements in a java array.
• Array in java is index based, first element of the array is stored at 0 index.
 Java Arrays:
• Advantage of Java Array
• Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data
easily.
• Random access: We can get any data located at any index position.

• . Disadvantage of Java Array

• Size Limit: We can store only fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't grow its
size at runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in java
• Declaring arrays in java
• dataType[] arr; (or)
• dataType []arr; (or)
• dataType arr[];
 Java Arrays:
• Declaring Array Variables:
• To use an array in a program:
• You must declare a variable to reference the array, and
• you must specify the type of array the variable can reference
• Below is the syntax for declaring an array variable:

dataType[] arrayRefVar; // preferred way

or
dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way
 Java Arrays:
• Creating Arrays:
• You can create an array by using the new operator with the
following syntax:
arrayRefVar =new dataType[arraySize];

• This statement does two things:

1. It creates an array using new dataType[arraySize];
2. It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variable arrayRefVar.
• you can also create arrays as follows:
dataType[] arrayRefVar ={value0, value1,..., valuek};
 Java Arrays: Exercise
• Create an array in a new project called ArrayExample
• Array: double[] myList =new double[10];
• Populate the myList array based on the picture below
• Print the array element in index 5
 Java Enums:
• Enums restrict a variable to have one of only a few predefined
values.
• The values in this enumerated list are called enums.
• With the use of enums, it is possible to reduce the number of bugs in
your code.
• For example, if we consider an application for a fresh juice shop, it would be
possible to restrict the glass size to small, medium and large.
• This would make sure that it would not allow anyone to order any size other than the
small, medium or large.

• Enums can be declared as their own or inside a class.

• Methods, variables, constructors can be defined inside enums as
well.
 Java Enums:
• Enum example:
Java Keywords:
Comments in Java:
• There are 3 types of comments:
• comments that run to the end of the line //
• comments that mark out blocks starting /* and
ending */
• Java Doc comments starting with /** and ending */
Comments in Java:
Statements in Java:
• A Java statement is the smallest chunk of executable
Java code. We end a Java statement with ; e.g.
• assertEquals(4, 2+2);
• Java statements can span lines. This is useful to make
your code more readable and line up arguments on
method calls. e.g.
Control Statements :
• A group of statements executed in order is written
• { stmt1; stmt2; ...; stmtN; }
• The statements execute in the order 1, 2, ..., N
• Control statements alter this sequential flow of
execution
 Control Statements:
• Blocks
• The block is the simplest type of structured statement
• Its purpose is simply to group a sequence of statements into a single
statement
• The format of a block is:
{
(statements )
}

• An empty block consists of nothing but an empty pair of braces

• Block statements usually occur inside other statements, where their
purpose is to group together several statements into a unit
Control Statements :
Control Statements :
 Java Controls:
• The Basic While Loop
• A while loop is used to repeat a given statement over and over
• but only so long as a specified condition remains true
• A while loop has the form:
while (boolean-expression)
(statement )
• Here is an example of a while loop that simply prints out the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5:
int number; // The number to be printed.
number = 1; // Start with 1.
while ( number < 6 ) { // Keep going as long as number is < 6.
System.out.println(number);
number = number + 1; // Go on to the next number.
}
System.out.println("Done!");
 Java Controls:
• The do..while Statement
• Sometimes it is more convenient to test the continuation condition at the end of a loop, instead
• The do..while statement is very similar to the while statement, except that the word “while,” along
with the condition that it tests, has been moved to the end.
• The word “do” is added to mark the beginning of the loop
• A do..while statement has the form

Do {
(statement )
…
} while ( boolean-expression );
• Here is an example of a do.. while loop
boolean wantsToContinue; // True if user wants to play again.
do {
Checkers.playGame();
TextIO.put("Do you want to play again? ");
wantsToContinue = TextIO.getlnBoolean();
} while (wantsToContinue == true);
 Java Controls:
• Java For Loop
• The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program
several times
• If the number of iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for
loop.
• There are three types of for loop in java.
• Simple For Loop
• For-each or Enhanced For Loop
• Labeled For Loop
 Java Controls:
• Java For Loop
• Simple For Loop
• In a simple for loop we can initialize variable, check condition and
increment/decrement value.
• Syntax:
For (initialization;condition;incr/decr) {
//code to be executed
}
 Java Controls:
• Java For Each Loop
• For-each or Enhanced For Loop
• The for-each loop is used to traverse array or collection in java
• It is easier to use than the simple for loop because we don't need to increment value and use
subscript notation
• It works on elements basis not index
• It returns element one by one in the defined variable.
• Syntax:
for(Type var:array){
//code to be executed
}

Example:
public class ForEachExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int arr[]={12,23,44,56,78};
for(int i:arr){
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
 Java Controls:
• Java Break Statement
• The Java break is used to break loop or switch statement
• It breaks the current flow of the program at specified condition.
• In case of inner loop, it breaks only inner loop
• Syntax:
jump-statement;
break;
• Example:
public class BreakExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5){
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
 Java Controls:
• Java Continue Statement
• The Java continue statement is used to continue loop
• It continues the current flow of the program and skips the remaining code at specified
condition.
• In case of inner loop, it continues only inner loop
• Syntax:
jump-statement;
continue;
• Example:
public class ContinueExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
if(i==5){
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}
 Java Controls:
• Java If-else Statement
• The Java if statement is used to test the condition.
• It returns true or false.
• There are various types of if statement in java.
• if statement
• if-else statement
 Java Controls:
• Java If-else Statement
• if statement
• The if statement tests the condition.
• It executes the if statement if condition is true
• Syntax:
if(condition){
//code to be executed
}
• Example:
public class IfExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int age=20;
if(age>18){
System.out.print("Age is greater than 18");
}
}
}
 Java Controls:
• Java Switch Statement
• if statement
• The Java switch statement is executes one statement from multiple conditions.
• It is like if-else-if ladder statement
• Syntax:
switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......

default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
 Methods:
• A Java method defines a group of statements as
performing a particular operation
• static indicates a static or class method
• A method that is not static is an instance method
• All method arguments are call-by-value
• Primitive type: value is passed to the method
• Method may modify local copy but will not affect caller’s value
• Object reference: address of object is passed
• Change to reference variable does not affect caller
• But operations can affect the object, visible to caller
Packages in Java:
• Java allows us to group our Classes into packages. Each
class has to be uniquely named
• within a package. We can have multiple classes with the
same name, provided they are all in different packages.
package
com.javafortesters.chap007basicsofjavarevisited.examples;
• To add a class to a package you write a package
declaration statement like the above, very
• often the first line in the class, and certainly before the
code that declares the class.
Java Classes in Java:
• Java allows us to group our Classes into packages. Each
class has to be uniquely named
• within a package. We can have multiple classes with the
same name, provided they are all in different packages.
package
com.javafortesters.chap007basicsofjavarevisited.examples;
• To add a class to a package you write a package
declaration statement like the above, very
• often the first line in the class, and certainly before the
code that declares the class.
Java Classes in Java:
• A class is a blueprint for constructing objects.
• A class can contain any of the following variable types
• Local variables: Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks are
called local variables. The variable will be declared and initialized within the
method and the variable will be destroyed when the method has completed.
• Instance variables: Instance variables are variables within a class but outside any
method. These variables are instantiated when the class is loaded. Instance
variables can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that
particular class.
• Class variables: Class variables are variables declared within a class, outside any
method, with the static keyword.
• A class can have any number of methods to access the value of various
kinds of methods. In the above example, barking(), hungry() and
sleeping() are methods.
 Objects and Classes:
• Object-oriented programming is modeled on the observation that
in the physical world, objects are made up of many kinds of
smaller objects.
• Another important feature of Object-Oriented programming is
the use of classes.
• A class is a template used to create an object. Every object created from
the same class has similar features
• When you write a program in an object-oriented language, you don’t
define individual objects; instead, you define classes used to create
those objects.
 Object-Oriented Programming:
• Java is n Object-Oriented programming language
 Object-Oriented Programming:
• Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc.
• Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a
program using classes and objects
• It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some
concepts:
• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation

• Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object

 Attributes and Behavior:
• A Java class consists of two distinct types of information: attributes and
behavior
• Attributes of a Class of Objects
• Attributes are the data that differentiate one object from another. They can be used
to determine the appearance, state, and other qualities of objects that belong to
that class
• Behavior of a Class of Objects
• Behavior refers to the things that a class of objects can do—both to themselves and
to other objects.
• Behavior can be used to change an object’s attributes, receive information from
other objects, and send messages to other objects, asking them to perform tasks.
 Attributes and Behavior:
• Attributes of a Class of Objects
• Below is the picture of three different breeds of dogs

• List the differences between these dogs on a piece of paper.

 Attributes and Behavior:
• Attributes of a Class of Objects
• Below is the picture of three different breeds of dogsSome of the
differences you might have listed out may be
• breed,
• age,
• size,
• color, etc.
• If you think for a minute, these differences are also some common
characteristics shared by these dogs.
• These characteristics (breed, age, size, color) can form the data members for
your object.

• In a class, attributes are defined by variables—places to store

information in a computer program
 Attributes and Behavior:
• Behavior of a Class of Objects
• Behavior refers to the things that a class of objects can do—both to
themselves and to other objects.
• Behavior can be used to change an object’s attributes, receive
information from other objects, and send messages to other objects,
asking them to perform tasks.

• In your piece of paper

• List the common behaviors of these dogs
 Attributes and Behavior:
• Behavior of a Class of Objects

• Hopefully you have listed common behaviors as:

• eat, sleep, sit, run, poop, bark, etc.
 Attributes and Behavior:
• Behavior of a Class of Objects
• So we have this:
• Class - Dogs
• Data members or objects- size, age, color, breed, etc.
• Methods- eat, sleep, sit, run
 Attributes and Behavior:
• Behavior of a Class of Objects
• Behavior for a class of objects is implemented using methods.
• Methods are groups of related statements in a class that perform a
specific task.
• They are used to accomplish specific tasks on their own objects and on other
objects and are comparable to functions and subroutines in other programming
languages.
• A well designed method performs only one task and one task alone.
• Objects communicate with each other using methods.
• A class or object can call methods in another class or object for many
reasons, including the following:
• To report a change to another object
• To tell the other object to change something about itself
• To ask another object to do something
 Attributes and Behavior:
• Behavior of a Class of Objects
• Behavior for a class of objects is implemented using methods.
• Methods are groups of related statements in a class that perform a
specific task.
• They are used to accomplish specific tasks on their own objects and on other
objects and are comparable to functions and subroutines in other programming
languages.
• A well designed method performs only one task and one task alone.
• Objects communicate with each other using methods.
• A class or object can call methods in another class or object for many
reasons, including the following:
• To report a change to another object
• To tell the other object to change something about itself
• To ask another object to do something
 Handling exceptions using try-catch block:
• Exceptions can arise due to many reasons:
• Network connection issues
• Hardware failure
• Software failure
• Invalid data entered by user,
• DB server issues, etc.
• There are two types of exceptions in java:
• Checked Exception: These exceptions are checked during compile time
and needs the try-catch block so they can be caught. If the compiler
doesn’t find a try-catch block an error will be thrown at compile time.
• Unchecked Exceptions: These exceptions are not checked during
compile time. Generally, unchecked exceptions occur due to error in
code during run time. Example of unchecked exception Is int i = 4/0;.
public

Handling exceptions using try-catch block:

public class Handle_exce {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try{
int i=5/0; //Exception will be thrown.
System.out.println("Value Of i Is "+i);//This statement will be not
executed.
}catch (Exception e)//Exception will be caught
{
System.out.println("Inside catch."+e);//print the exception.
}