1.
Write a program to generate various Signals and Sequences: Unit Impulse,
Unit Step, Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc function.
Aim: Generate various signals and sequences such as Unit Impulse, Unit Step, Square, Saw
tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc.
Software Required: Matlab software
Procedure:
Open MATLAB
Open the new M-file
Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and run the program
For the output see command window or figure window
% Generation of signals and sequences
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of unit impulse signal
t1=-1:0.01:1
y1=(t1==0);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t1,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit impulse signal');
%generation of impulse sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t1,y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit impulse sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of unit step signal
t2=-10:1:10;
y2=(t2>=0);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t2,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit step signal');
%generation of unit step sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t2,y2);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit step sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of square wave signal
t=0:0.002:0.1;
y3=square(2*pi*50*t);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y3);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square wave signal');
%generation of square wave sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y3);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sawtooth signal
y4=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y4);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sawtooth wave signal');
%generation of sawtooth sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y4);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sawtooth wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of triangular wave signal
y5=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t,.5);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y5);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' triangular wave signal');
%generation of triangular wave sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y5);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('triangular wave sequence');
%generation of sinsoidal wave signal
y6=sin(2*pi*40*t);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y6);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' sinsoidal wave signal');
%generation of sin wave sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y6);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sin wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of ramp signal
y7=t;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y7);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp signal');
%generation of ramp sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y7);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sinc signal
t3=linspace(-5,5);
y8=sinc(t3);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t3,y8);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' sinc signal');
%generation of sinc sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(y8);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sinc sequence');
Result:
Output:
2. Perform operations on Signals and Sequences: Addition, Multiplication, Scaling,
Shifting and Folding.
Aim: To perform operations on signals and sequences such as addition, multiplication, scaling,
shifting and folding.
Software Required: Matlab software
Procedure:
Open MATLAB
Open the new M-file
Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and run the program
For the output see command window or figure window
Program :
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% generating two input signals
t=0:.01:1;
x1=sin(2*pi*4*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*8*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal 1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal 2');
% addition of signals
y1=x1+x2;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('addition of two signals');
% multiplication of signals
y2=x1.*x2;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('multiplication of two signals');
% scaling of a signal1
A=2;
y3=A*x1;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,y3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('amplified input signal');
% folding of a signal1
h=length(x1);
nx=0:h-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(nx,x1);
xlabel('nx');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
y4=fliplr(x1);
nf=-fliplr(nx);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(nf,y4);
xlabel('nf');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('folded signal');
%shifting of a signal 1
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t+2,x1);
xlabel('t+2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('right shifted signal');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t-2,x1);
xlabel('t-2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('left shifted signal');
%operations on sequences
n1=1:1:9;
s1=[1 2 3 0 5 8 0 2 4];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n1,s1);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence 1');
s2=[1 1 2 4 6 0 5 3 6];
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,s2);
xlabel('n2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence 2 ');
% addition of sequences
s3=s1+s2;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n1,s3);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sum of two sequences');
% multiplication of sequences
s4=s1.*s2;
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n1,s4);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('product of two sequences');
3. Compute the Energy and average power of a signal
Aim: To compute the Energy and average power of a signal.
Software Required: Matlab software
Procedure:
Open MATLAB
Open the new M-file
Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and run the program
For the output see command window or figure window
Program:
% program for energy of a sequence
z1=input('enter the input sequence');
e1=sum(abs(z1).^2);
disp('energy of given sequence is');e1
% program for energy of a signal t=0:pi:10*pi;
z2=cos(2*pi*50*t).^2; e2=sum(abs(z2).^2);
disp('energy of given signal is');e2
% program for power of a sequence
p1= (sum(abs(z1).^2))/length(z1);
disp('power of given sequence is');p1
% program for power of a signal
p2=(sum(abs(z2).^2))/length(z2);
disp('power of given signal is');
Output:
enter the input sequence[1 3 2 4 1]
energy of given sequence is
e1 = 31
energy of given signal is e2 =
4.0388
power of given sequence is
p1 = 6.2000
power of given signal is
p2 = 0.3672
4. Write a program to find Fourier transform of a given signal. Plot its amplitude and
phase spectrum.
Aim: To find the Fourier Transform of a given signal and plotting its magnitude and phase spectrum.
Software Required: Matlab software
Procedure:
Open MATLAB
Open the new M-file
Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and run the program
For the output see command window or figure window
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs=1000;
N=1024; % length of fft sequence
t=[0:N-1]*(1/fs);
% input signal
x=0.8*cos(2*pi*100*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
axis([0 0.05 -1 1]);
grid;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
% Fourier transform of given signal
x1=fft(x);
% magnitude spectrum
k=0:N-1;
Xmag=abs(x1);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(k,Xmag);
grid;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude'); title('magnitude
of fft signal')
%phase spectrum
Xphase=angle(x1);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(k,Xphase);
grid;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('angle');
title('phase of fft signal');
5. Write a program to convolution two discrete time sequences. Plot all the sequences
Aim: Write the program for convolution between two signals and also between two sequences.
Software Required: MATLAB software
Procedure:
Open MATLAB
Open the new M-file
Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and run the program
For the output see command window or figure window
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
%program for convolution of two sequences
x=input('enter input sequence: ');
h=input('enter impulse response: ');
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence')
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse response sequence')
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('linear convolution')
disp('linear convolution y=');
disp(y)
%program for signal convolution
t=0:0.1:10;
x1=sin(2*pi*t);
h1=cos(2*pi*t);
y1=conv(x1,h1);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('input signal')
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(h1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h(t)');
title('impulse response')
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('linear convolution');
Results and discussions
Output:
enter input sequence: [1 3 4 5]
enter impulse response: [2 1 4]
linear convolution y= {2 7 15 26 21 20 }
6. Write a program to find auto correlation and cross correlation of given sequences.
Aim: To compute Auto correlation and Cross correlation between signals and sequences.
Software Required: Matlab software
Procedure:
Open MATLAB
Open the new M-file
Type the program
Save in current directory
Compile and run the program
For the output see command window or figure window
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
% two input sequences
x=input('enter input sequence');
h=input('enter the impulse suquence');
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse sequence');
% cross correlation between two
y=xcorr(x,h);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title(' cross correlation between two sequences ');
% auto correlation of input sequence
z=xcorr(x,x);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(z);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('z(n)');
title('auto correlation of input sequence');
% cross correlation between two signals
% generating two input signals
t=0:0.2:10;
x1=3*exp(-2*t);
h1=exp(t);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x1(t)');
title('input signal');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,h1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h1(t)');
title('impulse signal');
% cross correlation
subplot(2,2,3);
z1=xcorr(x1,h1);
plot(z1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('z1(t)');
title('cross correlation ');
% auto correlation
subplot(2,2,4);
z2=xcorr(x1,x1);
plot(z2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('z2(t)');
title('auto correlation ');
Results and discussions
Output: enter input sequence [1 2 5 7]
enter the impulse sequence [2 6 0 5 3]
