DIPLOMA IN
Coding and
Technology
Lesson : Databases
Have you ever thought
about why data has
Question become significantly more
valuable in recent years?
Data
Relational databases
Database management
Lesson Objectives
Data
Data vs Information
Data Information
• Data refers to raw facts • The result after data has been
processed
• Data are the foundation of
information • Requires context to reveal meaning
• Organisations use data as part of • Accurate, relevant, timely information is
making strategic decisions key
Data processing
• Data processing is the conversion
of raw data to meaningful
information
• Use of computer systems and
software to carry out a number of
operations on the data
Organising and
storing data
Life-cycle of processing data:
1. Collection
2. Preparation
3. Input
4. Processing
5. Output
6. Storage
DID YOU
KNOW?
Data as a commodity
As of recent, data has officially
become more valuable than
oil? This means that data is
now more valuable than what
used to be the world’s most
valuable commodity.
Chat with
Morpheus
Questions?
Relational databases
Structure of a
relational database
A relational database is one
that is highly useful to organise
data into collections of two-
dimensional tables called
relations
Characteristics
of a relational
database Primary Customer_ID First_Name Last Name Address 1 Address 2
Customer table
key 10 Jackie Oval Gladioli Road New York
One 11 Bob Smith Swiss Road London
A typical relational database consists record
12 Peter Oliver Jackson Road Oxford
of multiple related tables, also
13 Alexis Bright Jacobs Street Cape Town
known as entities, which comprise of
multiple records and fields. Field Foreign key
• Entity/Table Order_ID Description Price Colour Customer_ID
• Record 100 Desk $63 Black 10
Order table
Entity
• Field 101 Cupboard $50 Black 11
102 White chair $26 White 12
• Primary Keys
103 Office cabinet $120 Brown 13
• Foreign Keys
Entity Relationship
Diagram (ERD)
An Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
is a snapshot of data structures. An
Entity Relationship Diagram shows
entities (tables) in a database and
relationships between tables within
that database.
(Source: BizzDesign.com)
Identifying
relationships
(Source: Principles of Business Information Systems)
When designing a relational
database, the best way to
resolve relationships between
entities is by creating a logical
set of business rules.
• One-to-one
• One-to-many
• Many-to-many
• Optional
(Source: symmetric.ch)
Let’s build our
own ERD!
Database management
Database
Administrator (DBA)
• Work with users to define their data
needs
• Identifies entities of interest
• Applies database programming
languages
• Tests and evaluates databases
• Implements changes
• Ensures data is secure from
unauthorised access
Relational database
management
system
A database management system is
collection of programs used to manage the
structure and control access to data.
Here are some considerations when
designing and building a database
system:
• Content
• Access
• Physical organisation
• Logical structure
Types of database
management systems
Single-user Multi-user Flat files
Tools for managing
databases
MySQL Oracle XE MS SQL Server
SQL database
programming
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a
special-purpose programming language
for accessing and manipulating data
stored in a relational database.
SQL allows us to:
• Select data
• Project data
• Join tables
