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Lecture 1 C - Program Structure & Basics

This document provides an overview of the structure and basics of C++ programming, including the essential components like the main() function, preprocessors, header files, and namespaces. It explains the use of input/output operations with cout and cin, as well as the concept of tokens in C++. Key points include the importance of returning an integer from the main() function and the use of comments for code readability.

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2 views4 pages

Lecture 1 C - Program Structure & Basics

This document provides an overview of the structure and basics of C++ programming, including the essential components like the main() function, preprocessors, header files, and namespaces. It explains the use of input/output operations with cout and cin, as well as the concept of tokens in C++. Key points include the importance of returning an integer from the main() function and the use of comments for code readability.

Uploaded by

rajmourya5864
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1: C++ Program

Structure & Basics

1. First C++ Program


Basic Structure:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!";
return 0;
}

Key Points:
Every C++ program must have a main() function.

#include <iostream> is a preprocessor directive.

cout is used for output.

2. Preprocessors in C++
Preprocessors are directives that begin with # and are processed before
compilation.

Common ones:

#include – include files

#define – define macros

#include <iostream> // inserts iostream header

3. Header Files in C++

Lecture 1: C++ Program Structure & Basics 1


Header files contain declarations of standard input/output, strings, math
functions, etc.

Header Use
<iostream> Input/output using cin, cout
<cmath> Math functions like sqrt(), pow()
<string> String class
<vector> Dynamic arrays

#include <cmath>

4. Namespaces in C++
Avoids name conflicts in large projects.

std is the standard namespace.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "C++ uses namespaces";
return 0;
}

Without using namespace std; , we write:

std::cout << "Hello";

5. main() Function
Starting point of C++ program.

Must return an int :

int main() {
// code

Lecture 1: C++ Program Structure & Basics 2


return 0;
}

Important:
Returning 0 indicates successful execution.

6. Comments in C++
Used to improve readability and add documentation.

Type Syntax

Single Line // This is a comment

Multi-line /* Comment block */

7. Input and Output in C++


Output: cout

cout << "Output text";

Input: cin

int x;
cin >> x;

Chaining Example:

int a, b;
cin >> a >> b;
cout << "Sum: " << a + b;

8. Tokens in C++
Tokens = smallest individual elements of a program.

Token Type Example

Lecture 1: C++ Program Structure & Basics 3


Keywords int, return, if, for

Identifiers myVar, count, getValue

Constants 10, 3.14, 'a'

Operators +, -, =, ==, &&

Special Symbols (), {}, [], ;

Strings "Hello"

Lecture 1: C++ Program Structure & Basics 4

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