OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN

AND PROGRAMMING
(CODE: 21CSC101T)
2nd Semester, B. Tech
2024-2025
UNIT-2

Dr. Bapuji Rao

Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
 UNIT – 2
2
 Constructors
 Types of Constructors:
• Default Constructor,

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

• Parameterized Constructor,
• Copy Constructor
 Destructor
 Polymorphism : Constructor Overloading
 Method Overloading
 Operator Overloading
 UML Interaction Diagram :
• Sequence Diagram
• Collaboration Diagram
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 CONSTRUCTORS
3

 It is a special member function having the name of class itself.

 It invokes automatically at the time of object creation.
 It assigns values to the data members of the object during object creation.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 In general, constructors are declared under public access modifiers of the class.
 It has no return value but may or may not have arguments.
 A constructor can be overloaded.
 There are three types of constructors.
• Default / Automatic Constructor
• Parameterized Constructor
• Copy Constructor

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 DEFAULT / AUTOMATIC CONSTRUCTOR
4

 It has no argument.
 It invokes automatically as soon as class gets instantiated.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 Syntax-1:  Syntax-2:
class class_name class class_name
{ {
private: private:
// data member(s); // data member(s);
public: public:
// constructor inline definition class_name( ); // constructor outline declaration
class_name( ) };
{ class_name :: class_name ( ) // constructor outline definition
// statement(s); {
} // statement(s);
}; }

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 EXAMPLE
// Without constructor // Using constructor 5
class Number class Number
{ int a; {
public: int a;
void Assign( ) public:
{ // default constructor definition

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

a = 20; Number( )
} {
void Show( ) OUTPUT a = 20;
{ }
cout<<"A= "<<a<<endl; A = 20 void Show( )
} A = 20 {
}; cout<<"A= "<<a<<endl;
void main( ) }
{ };
Number A, B; void main( )
A.Assign( ); {
B.Assign( ); Number A, B;
A.Show( ); A.Show( );
B.Show( ); B.Show( );
} }
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 PARAMETERIZED CONSTRUCTOR
6

 It has argument(s).
 It assigns different values to the data members of objects at the time of

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

declaration.
 The parameterized constructor can be invoked in TWO different ways,
i.e., implicit and explicit.
 In Implicit call, it automatically calls by matching the arguments passed
along with the object.
 In Explicit call, it calls by its name with argument(s) passed. Finally, the
anonymous object is created and assigned to the newly declared object.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 STNTAX
7

class class_name
{
private:

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

// data member(s);
public:
class_name (data_type1 var1, ……) // parameterized inline constructor definition
{
// statement(s);
}
};
void main ( )
{
class_name object_name (Argument-1, Argument-2,……); // implicit call

class_name object name = class_name (Argument-1, … …); // explicit call

}

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 EXAMPLE
8

class Number
{
int a; void main ( )
public: {

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

// parameterized constructor declaration or prototype // Implicit call
Number(int); Number A(6);
void Show( )
OUTPUT
{ // Explicit call
cout<<"A="<<a<<endl; Number B = Number(7);
A= 6
} A= 7
};
A.Show( );
// parameterized constructor definition
Number :: Number(int b) B.Show( );
{ }
a = b;
}

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 COPY CONSTRUCTOR
9

 The constructor’s argument as reference object kind then that constructor is said to be a
Copy Constructor.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 Syntax:
class class_name
{
private:
// Data Member(s);
public:
class_name (class_name &object_name)
{
// Statement(s);
}
};

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 EXAMPLE
10

#include<iostream.h>
class COPY void main ( )
{ {
int a; // implicit call to default constructor

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

public: COPY A;
COPY( ) // Default constructor // implicit call to copy constructor
{ COPY B(A); OUTPUT
a = 10; // explicit call to copy constructor A = 10
} COPY C = B; A = 10
COPY(COPY &obj) // copy constructor // explicit call to copy constructor A = 10
{ COPY D = COPY(C); A = 10
a = obj.a;
A.Show ( );
}
void Show( ) B.Show ( );
{ C.Show ( );
cout<<"A="<<a<<endl; D.Show ( );
} }
}; DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 CONSTRUCTOR WITH DEFAULT
ARGUMENT 11

void main( )
class Number {
{ // Automatic call to Parameterized constructor
int a; // with default argument

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

public: Number A;
// parameterized constructor // Implicit call
// definition with default argument Number B(6);
Number(int b=0) // Explicit call
{ Number C = Number( );
a = b; // Explicit call
} Number D= 67; OUTPUT
void Show ( ) A.Show ();
A= 0
{ B.Show ();
A= 6
cout<<"A="<<a<<endl; C.Show ();
A= 0
} D.Show ();
A = 67
}; }

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 DESTRUCTOR
12
 It is also a special member function whose name is the class itself .
 Its declaration starts with the operator tilde (~).
 It invokes automatically as soon as the object leaves from the locality
where it was declared earlier.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 A destructor has no argument and no return value.
 A destructor cannot be overloaded i.e. a class has only one destructor but
can have any number of constructors.
Syntax:
class class_name
{
// data member(s);
public:
~ class_name( )
{
// statement(s);
}
}; DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 EXAMPLE
13

#include<iostream.h> void main( )

int count; // global variable with initial value zero (0) {
class ARS ARS A, B, C;
{ }

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

public:
ARS( )
{
count++;
cout<<"Object = "<<count<<" Invoked Constructor\n";
} OUTPUT
~ARS( ) Object = 1 Invoked Constructor
{ Object = 2 Invoked Constructor
cout<<"Object = "<<count<<" Invoked Destructor\n"; Object = 3 Invoked Constructor
count--; Object = 3 Invoked Destructor
} Object = 2 Invoked Destructor
}; Object = 1 Invoked Destructor

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 POLYMORPHISM
14

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

COMPILE-TIME RUN-TIME

FUNCTION OPERATOR DYNAMIC

OVERLOADING OVERLOADING BINDING

 It allows a single name / operator to be associated with different operations

depending on the type of data passed to it.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 CONSTRUCTOR OVERLOADING
15

 Declaration of constructors with different parameter list is known as Constructor Overloading.

 Syntax:

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

class Class_Name
{
// Data Member(s);
public:
Class_Name( )
{
// Statement(s);
}
Class_Name( Argument(s) List Declaration)
{
// Statement(s);
}
};
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 EXAMPLE
16
class Number
{ void main ()
int a; {
public: Number A; // Default constructor call
// default constructor definition Number B(6); // Implicit call

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

Number ( ) Number C = Number(7); // Explicit call
{
Number D = 67; // Explicit call
a = 0;
A.Show( );
}
B.Show( );
// parameterized constructor definition
C.Show( );
Number (int b) D.Show( );
{ }
a = b;
} OUTPUT
void Show ( ) A= 0
{ A= 6
cout<<"A="<<a<<endl; A= 7
} A = 67
}; DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 FUNCTION OVERLOADING (STATIC BINDING)
17
 Defining functions with same name and different signatures.
(Signature means argument and return value type)

EXAMPLE:

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

#include<iostream.h>
int ABS (int a)
{ void main ( )
return (abs(a)); {
} int a = -7, res1 = ABS(a);
float ABS (float b) float b = -66.77, res2 = ABS(b);
{ cout << "Absolute value of " <<a<< "="<<res1<<endl;
return (fabs (b)); cout << "Absolute value of "<<b<< "=" <<res2;
} }

OUTPUT
Absolute value of -7 = 7
Absolute value of -66.77 = 66.77
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 MEMBER FUNCTION / METHOD OVERLOADING
18
 Defining member functions with same name and different
signatures in a CLASS.
EXAMPLE: #include<iostream.h> void main ( )

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

#include<math.h> {
ABSOLUTE obj;
class ABSOLUTE
int a = -7, res1 = obj.ABS(a);
{
float b = -66.77, res2 = obj.ABS(b);
public:
cout << "Absolute value of " <<a<< "="<<res1<< endl;
int ABS (int a)
cout << "Absolute value of "<<b<< "=" <<res2;
{
}
return (abs(a));
}
float ABS (float b) OUTPUT
{
Absolute value of -7 = 7
return (fabs (b));
Absolute value of -66.77 = 66.77
}
};
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 OPERATOR OVERLOADING
19

 Definition-1:
To use the existing operators in the member function of a class. So, that the
resulting operator is used with the objects of its class is called operator

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

overloading.
 Definition-2:
The ability to provide the operators with a special meaning for a data type is
known as operator overloading.
Operator Overloading

Unary Binary

Using operator( ) Using friend operator( ) Using operator( ) Using friend operator( )
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 OPERATOR OVERLOADING
20

 Operators cannot be overloaded with operator( ) member function

• Member or member access operator (.)
• Pointer to member operator (. *)

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

• Scope resolution operator(::)
• Ternary operator (?:)
• sizeof( ) operator
• Pre-processor symbols (# and # #)

 Operators cannot be overloaded with friend operator( ) function

• Parentheses (( ))
• Square Brackets ([ ])
• Right Arrow Operator (→)
• Assignment Operator (=)
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
UNARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING USING operator( )
MEMBER FUNCTION
21

 The operator( ) has no argument and no return value.

 Syntax:
class class_name

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

{
private:
// data member(s);
public:
void operator operator_to_be_overloaded( ) // prefix
{
// statement(s);
}
void operator operator_to_be_overloaded(int) // postfix
{
// statement(s);
}
};
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 EXAMPLE
22

void operator ++( ) // pre-increment

{
#include<iostream.h> ++a;
class IncDec }

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

{ void operator ++(int) // post-increment
int a; {
public: a++;
void Assign (int b) }
{ void operator --( ) // pre-decrement
a = b; {
} --a;
void Show ( ) }
{ void operator --(int) // post-decrement
cout<<"A="<<a<<endl; {
} a--;
}
};
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 Continue…
void main ( ) a a 23
{
obj1 obj2
IncDec obj1, obj2;
obj1.Assign(7); a a
obj2.Assign(67); obj1 7 obj2 67

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

OUTPUT
obj1.Show ( );
obj2.Show ( ); A= 7
a a A = 67
++obj1;
obj2++; obj1 8 obj2 68 A=8
obj1.Show ( ); A = 68
obj2.Show ( );
A= 7
obj1--; a a A = 67
--obj2;
obj1 7 obj2 67
obj1.Show ( );
obj2.Show ( );
} DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 UNARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING USING friend
operator( ) FUNCTION
24

 The operator( ) has one argument of class kind and may or may not have a return value.
 The operator( ) function needs to be declared as friend in the class.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 Syntax:
class class_name
{
private:
// data member(s);
public:
friend return_type operator operator_to_be_overloaded (class_name object_name)
{
// statement(s);
}
};

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 EXAMPLE
25
#include<iostream.h> void main ( )
class Negate { a a
{ Negate obj1, obj2; obj1 obj2
int a;
a a
public: obj1.Assign (7);
obj1 7 obj2 -67

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

void Assign (int b) obj2.Assign (-67);
{
a = b; obj1.Show ();
} obj2.Show ();
void Show ( ) a a
{ -obj1;
obj1 7 obj2 67
cout<<"A="<<a<<endl; -obj2;
}
friend void operator -(Negate &obj) obj1.Show ( ); OUTPUT
{ obj2.Show (); A= 7
if(obj.a<0) } A = -67
obj.a=obj.a*-1; // or obj.a =-obj.a; A= 7
} A = 67
}; DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 BINARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING USING operator( )
Member FUNCTION
26

 The operator( ) member function has one argument and may

or may not have a return value.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 Syntax:
class class_name
{
private:
// data member(s);
public:
return_type operator operator_to_be_overloaded(class_name object_name)
{
// statemnt(s);
}
};

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 EXAMPLE
27

Program to find Sum, Difference, Product, and Division of two numbers

using Operator Overloading.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

#include<iostream.h> OOL operator +(OOL obj) num
class OOL { obj 3
{ OOL temp; num
float num; temp.num = num + obj.num;
temp 10
public: return temp;
void Assign(int a) }
{
num = a; OOL operator -(OOL obj) num
} { obj 3
void Show( ) OOL temp;
num
{ temp.num = num - obj.num;
cout<<num<<endl; temp 4
return temp;
} }
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 CONTINUE… void main ( )
{
num num
A B
OOL A, B; 28

A.Assign (7); num num

OOL operator *(OOL obj) B.Assign (3); A 7 B 3
num
{ obj 3
OOL temp; OOL C = A + B; num num

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

OOL D = A - B; C 10 D 4
temp.num = num * obj.num; num
OOL E = A * B;
return temp; temp 21 OOL F = A / B; num num
} E 21 F 2.33
cout<<"Two Numbers\n";
A.Show ( );
OOL operator /(OOL obj) B.Show ( );
{ num OUTPUT
cout<<"Sum = ";
OOL temp; obj 3 C.Show ( ); Two Numbers
temp.num = num / obj.num; cout<<"Difference = "; 7
return temp; num D.Show ( ); 3
} temp 2.33 cout<<"Product = "; Sum = 10
}; E.Show ( ); Difference = 4
cout<<"Division = ";
Product = 21
F.Show ( );
}
Division = 2.33
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 EXAMPLE
29

Using operator overloading add and subtract two matrices of order 2X3.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

#include<iostream.h> void Matrix::Read( ) void Matrix::Display( )
class Matrix { {
{ for (int i=0; i<2; i++) for (int i=0; i<2; i++)
float mat[2][3]; { {
public: for (int j=0; j<3; j++) for (int j=0; j<3; j++)
void Read ( ); { cout<<mat[i][j]<<" ";
void Display ( ); cout<<"Enter a Number :"; cout<<endl;
Matrix operator +(Matrix); cin>>mat[i][j]; }
Matrix operator -(Matrix); } }
}; }
}

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 CONTINUE…
30

Matrix Matrix::operator +(Matrix obj) Matrix Matrix::operator -(Matrix obj)

{ {
Matrix temp; Matrix temp;

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

for (int i=0; i<2; i++) for (int i=0; i<2; i++)
{ {
for (int j=0; j<3; j++) for (int j=0; j<3; j++)
{ {
temp.mat[i][j] = mat[i][j] + obj.mat[i][j]; temp.mat[i][j] = mat[i][j] - obj.mat[i][j];
} }
} }
return temp; return temp;
} }

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 CONTINUE…
31

void main ( )
{
Matrix obj1, obj2;
cout<< "Enter Numbers in 1st Matrix\n";

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

obj1.Read( );
cout<< "Enter Numbers in 2nd Matrix\n";
obj2.Read( );
Matrix obj3 = obj1 + obj2;
Matrix obj4 = obj1 - obj2;
cout<<"1st Matrix\n";
obj1.Display( );
cout<<"2nd Matrix\n";
obj2.Display( );
cout<<"Matrix Addition\n";
obj3.Display( );
cout<<"Matrix Subtraction\n";
obj4.Display( );
}
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 BINARY OPERATOR OVERLOADING USING Friend
operator( ) FUNCTION
32

 The friend operator( ) function has two arguments.

 It may or may not have a return value.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 It needs to be declared as friend kind in a class.

 Syntax:
class class_name
{
private:
// data member(s);
public:
friend return_type operator operator_to_be_overloaded (class_name obj1, class_name obj2)
{
// statement(s);
}
};
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 EXAMPLE
33

Program to find Sum of two integers using Operator Overloading (Friend Function).
num num
#include<iostream.h> friend Number operator + (Number obj1 , Number obj2)
class Number { obj1 7 obj2 6

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

{ Number T;
num
int num; T.num = obj1.num + obj2.num;
return T; T 13
public:
}
void Assign (int a)
{ friend Number operator + (Number obj , int a) num a
num = a; { obj 7 14
} Number T;
void Show ( ) T.num = obj.num + a; num
{ return T; T 21
cout<<num<<endl; }
} };

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 Continue…
num num 34
void main( ) obj1 obj2
{
Number obj1, obj2; num num

obj1.Assign(7); obj1 7 obj2 6

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

obj2.Assign(6);
num num

Number obj3 = obj1 + obj2; obj3 13 obj4 21

Number obj4 = obj1 + 14;

cout<<"Object1 = ";
obj1.Show ( ); OUTPUT
cout<<"Object2 = ";
Object1 = 7
obj2.Show ( );
Object2 = 6
cout<<"Object3 = ";
Object3 = 13
obj3.Show ( );
Object4 = 21
cout<<"Object4 = ";
obj4.Show ( );
} DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
35

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

SEQUENCE COLLABORATION
DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
36

 Sequence Diagrams are interaction diagrams that shows how operations are
carried out.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 It captures the interaction between objects.
 It shows the order of the interaction visually by using the vertical axis of the
diagram to represent time.
 It shows interactions or interaction Instances.
 It does not show the structural relationships between objects.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
37

 A sequence diagram is made up of a collection of participants.

 A participant is the system parts that interact each other during the sequence.
 Each Class or Object in the interaction is represented by its named icon along the top of the diagram.

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 NOTATIONS IN A SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
• Frames
• Lifelines
• Messages and Focus Control
• Combined Fragments
• Interaction Occurrences
• States
• Continuations
• Textual Annotation
• Tabular Notation

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 FRAMES
Lifelines and Message Flows 38

 TIME:
sd Frame_Name • The vertical axis represents time
proceedings (or progressing) down

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

Time the page.
• Time in a sequence diagram is all
about ordering, not duration.

 OBJECTS:
• The horizontal axis shows the elements that are involved in the interaction.
• The objects involved in the operation are listed from left to right according to when they
take part in the message sequence.
• The elements on the horizontal axis may appear in any order.
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 LIFELINES
39

:Class_Name

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

 Sequence diagrams are organised according to time.
 Each participant has a corresponding lifeline.
 Each vertical dotted line is a lifeline, representing the time that an object
exists.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 MESSAGES AND FOCUS OF CONTROLS
40

:Class_Name1 :Class_Name2

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

1: message
Message Start Event Execution
Occurrence
Focus of Control Start Event
(OR) 1.1: return message
Message End Event
Execution Occurrence
Execution
Occurrence End
Event
 Focus of control (Execution Occurrence):
• An execution occurrence (thin rectangle on a lifeline) represents the period
during which an element is performing an operation.
• The top and the bottom of the of the rectangle are aligned with the initiation
and the completion time respectively.
• An Event is any point in an interaction where something occurs.
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 MESSAGE NOTATIONS
41

 A Message (or stimulus) is represented as an arrow going from the sender to the top of the
focus of control ( or execution occurrence) of the message on the receiver's lifeline

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION
Synchronous: The sender waits for the message to be handled before it continues. This typically
shows a method call.
Asynchronous: The sender does not wait for the message before it continues. This allows objects
to execute concurrently.

Reply: This shows the return message from another message.

Create: This message results in the creation of a new object.

Lost: A lost message occurs whet the sender of the message is known but there is no reception of
the message.
Found: A found message indicates that although the receiver of the message is known in the
current interaction fragment, the sender of the message is unknown.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 ELEMENT CREATION & DESTRUCTION
42

 Element Creation:
• when an element is created during an interaction, the communication that

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

creates the element is shown with its arrow head to the Element.

 Element Destruction:
• When an element is destroyed during an interaction, the communication that
destroys the element is shown with its arrow head to the elements lifeline
where the destruction is marked with a large symbol.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM OF AN
ORDER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 43

:Customer :Order :NormalOrder

Initialization

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

sendOrder( ) Confirm( )
Dispatch( )

return return

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
44

 A Collaboration is a collection of named objects and actors with links connecting them.
 They collaborate in performing some task.
 A Collaboration defines a set of participants and relationships that are meaningful for a given

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

set of purposes.
 Objects collaborate by communicating (passing messages) with one another in order to work
together.

 NOTATIONS OF COLLABORATION DIAGRAM

• Objects
• Actors
• Links
• Messages
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
45

 Objects
• An object is represented by an object symbol showing the name of the object

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

and its class underlined, separated by a colon(:) Object_name : class_name
• Each object in the collaboration is named and has its class specified.

 Actors
• An actor instance occurs in the collaboration diagram, as the invoker of the
interaction.
• Each Actor is named and has a role.
• One actor will be the initiator of the use case.

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM
46

 Links
• A link is shown as a solid line between two objects.
• An object interacts with, or navigates to, other objects through its links to these

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

objects.
• Message flows are attached to links and see messages.

 Messages
• A message is shown as a labelled arrow placed near a link.
• The message is directed from sender to receiver.
• The receiver must understand the message.
• The association must be navigable in that direction.
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM OF A
HOTEL ROOM RESERVATION SYSTEM
47

window : UserInterface Object

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

1: makeReservation Message

aType : HotelType Sequence Number

2: makeReservation

3: isRoom
aHotel : Hotel aReservation : Reservation aNotice : Confirmation

Self-Link OR Self-Delegation

4: isRoom DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)

COLLABORATION DIAGRAM OF AN
ORDER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 48

Initialization

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

: Customer

1: sendOrder( )

: Order

2: confirm( )

: SpecialOrder 3: dispatch( )

End of Process
DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)
 49

SRM IST, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS

THANK YOU

DR . BAPUJI RAO, Department of CSE(CORE)