AP USH- 1st Semester Vocabulary List

Colonial History (1600-1763)

1. Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans Radical Calvinists against the Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and established the settlement at Plymouth 2. Northwest Passage believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth 3. Conversion Experience required of members of the Puritan Church; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church 4. Social Reciprocity Society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminately 5. Church of England Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty 6. Atlantic slave trade Often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange 7. Jamestown First permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River 8. John Smith introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish and Turks 9. Pocahontas Key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617 10. Mayflower Compact Foundation for self-government lay out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land 11. John Winthrop Calvinist, devised concept of city on a hill (A Model of Christian Charity); founded highly successful towns in Massachusetts Bay 12. City on a Hill Exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs 13. Indentured servants Settlers to pay the expenses of servants voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over; head right system 14. Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649) mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant) 15. James I, Charles I Reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors 16. William Penn and the Quakers settled in Pennsylvania, believed the Inner Light could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers 17. Roger Williams challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church 18. Anne Hutchinson challenged New England Calvinist ministers authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism 19. The Half-Way Covenant New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints 20. Bacons Rebellion Rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans

Independence (1763-1789)
21. Navigation Acts Only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763 22. Mercantilism ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists 23. Charles II, James II tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures 24. William and Mary ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies 25. Dominion of New England combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one super colony governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a super governor 26. The Glorious Revolution William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures 27. James Oglethorpe established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors 28. The Enlightenment emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity 29. Benjamin Franklin connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan 30. The Great Awakening began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities Deists believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine George Whitefield powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity Jonathan Edwards Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance New Lights vs. Old Lights New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other 31. Albany Plan of Union colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rules (crown-appointed president, Grand Council); never took effect 32.French and Indian War French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didnt need English protection; more independent stand against Britain 33. Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth 34. Salutary Neglect Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to selfgovernment, international trade agreements 35. Writs of Assistance search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis 36. Townshend Act (1767) similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries 37. Sugar Act increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs 38. Stamp Act taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives Stamp Act Congress held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed Virginia Resolves no taxation without representation, introduced by Patrick Henry 39. Currency Act prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy 40. Virtual Representation all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote 41. The Loyal Nine group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city 42.Sons of Liberty organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),advocated no importation 43. Declaratory Act allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists say 44. Boston Massacre British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter

Veerjee 1

AP USH- 1st Semester Vocabulary List

45. Committees of Correspondence Committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to selfgovernment, cooperation between colonies 46. Tea Act (1773) intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea) 47. Boston Tea Party Peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians 48. Quebec Acts Former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England 49. Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony 50. Suffolk Resolves organize militia, end trade with Britain, and refuse to pay taxes to Britain 51. Olive Branch Petition Politely demanded from the king cease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights 52. Thomas Paine, Common Sense stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution; appealed to American emotions 53. George Washington American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule 54. Whigs (Patriots) Most numerous in New England, fought for independence 55. Tories (Loyalists) fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy) 56. British strengths and weaknesses British citizenship outnumbered colonies, large navy and professional army; exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt Colonial strengths and weaknesses Fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles 57. Battle of Saratoga American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne 58. Valley Forge Scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben 59. Battle of Yorktown Last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies 60. Treaty of Paris (1783) Full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland 61. American society during the Revolution British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, AfricanAmericans and Native Americans involved 62. Articles of Confederation States joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes 63. Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786) Foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state 64. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories 65. Alexander Hamilton pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party 66. James Madison Strong central government, separation of powers, extended republic 67. Shays Rebellion mistreated farmers, fear of monocracy, forced people to think about central government 68. Connecticut Compromise advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population Virginia Plan bicameral congressional representation based on population New Jersey Plan equal representation in unicameral congress Commerce Compromise congress could tax imports but not exports 69. Federalism strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution 70. Changes in the Constitution from the Articles stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal courts, easier amendment process Articles achievement system for orderly settlement of West Elastic Clause (necessary and proper) gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution 71. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists wanted states rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights 72. The Federalist Papers written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory

Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800)

73. Judiciary Act of 1789 established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction; compromise between nationalists and advocates for states rights 74. Bill of Rights protected rights of individual from the power of the central government 75. Bank of the United States Hamiltons plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution 76. Report on Public Credit proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank 77. Report on Manufactures (tariffs) Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers; promote emigration, employment opportunities, and applications of technology 78. Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress 79. Whiskey Rebellion Western Pennsylvanian farmers violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent

Veerjee 2

AP USH- 1st Semester Vocabulary List

80. Citizen Genet Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine 81. Impressments British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain 82. Jays Treaty provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes 83. Nullification states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional 84. Federalists and Republicans the two political parties that formed following Washingtons presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments 85. Washingtons Farewell Address warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 response to French attempts for alliance with US 86. XYZ Affair French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people 87. Alien and Sedition Acts meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists 88. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional 89. 12th Amendment required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.Augustine 90. Second Great Awakening emphasis on personal salvation, emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks; nationalism (Manifest Destiny)

Jeffersons Administration and Growth of Nationalism (1800-1820)

91. Election of 1800 Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie 92. Barbary Pirates North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers 93. Midnight judges judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed 94. Marbury v. Madison John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional 95. Lewis and Clark expedition Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on Voyage of Discovery 96. Non-Intercourse Act sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing 97. Macons Bill No. 2 president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality 98. Embargo Act (1807) prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation 99. War hawks Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812) 100. Henry Clay and the American System Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank) 101. John C. Calhoun opposed Polks high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property) 102. William Henry Harrison military hero from War of 1812; elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler 103. Battle of Tippecanoe decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrisons campaign for presidency 104. Hartford Convention December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party Essex case Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention 105. Era of Good Feelings Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected west the most) 106. James Monroe provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine 107. Missouri Compromise (1820) Maine as Free State, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 3630 Tallmadge Amendment no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25 108. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes 109. Adams-Onis Treaty remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined 110. Monroe Doctrine Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs; supported Washingtons goal for US neutrality in Americas

Age of Jackson (1820-1850)

111. Panic of 1819 Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly 112. Election of 1824 corrupt bargain and backroom deal for JQAdams to win over Jackson 113. Tariff of Abominations under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade 114. Jacksons Presidency focused on the Common Man; removal of Indians, removal of federal deposits in BUS, annexation of territory, liberal use of veto 115. Transportation Revolution river traffic, road building, canals (esp. Erie), rise of NYC Erie Canal goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways National Road part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network; stimulated Western expansion 116. Indian Removal Act Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory

Veerjee 3

AP USH- 1st Semester Vocabulary List

Five Civilized Tribes Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; civilized due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion Trail of Tears Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll Cherokee Nation v. Georgia first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation Worcester v. Georgia Georgia cannot enforce American Lawson Indian tribes 117. Spoils System rotation in office; Jackson felt that one should spend a single term in office and return to private citizenship, those who held power too long would become corrupt and political appointments made by new officials was essential for democracy Kitchen Cabinet Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet 118. Lowell mill/system young women employed by Lowells textile company, housed in dormitories 119. Cotton Gin allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, less need for slaves 120. Nullification Controversy southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them South Carolina Exposition and Protest written by Calhoun, regarding tariff nullification 121. Bank of the United States destroyed by Jackson on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution Pet banks small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds we reconsolidated into a single treasury Independent Treasury Bill government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations; Americas Second Declaration of Independence Specie paper money; specie circular decreed that the government would not accept specie for government land 122. Maysville Road Veto vetoed by Jackson on the count that government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one state 123. Liberty Party supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society 124. Whig Party believed in expanding federal power on economy, encouraged industrial development; could only gain power on the local level, led by Henry Clay (anti-Jackson) 125. John C. Calhoun opposed Polks high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner 126. Marshall Court (all cases) Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v.Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties consent) 127. Second Great Awakening religious movements, traveling meetings, rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G.Finney Burned-Over District heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstate New York, home to the beginning of Smiths Mormonism movement 128. Horace Mann worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix 129. William Lloyd Garrison editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement (Am I not a woman and a sister picture of slave woman) 130. Frederick Douglass runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star 131. Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 for womens rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization Angelina and Sarah Grimk fought for womens rights and abolition, Men and women are CREATED EQUAL! 132. Dorothea Dix worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann 133. John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community John Noyes, New York; utopian society for communalism, perfectionism, and complex marriage New Harmony first Utopian society, by Robert Owen 134. Hudson River School American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects 135. Transcendentalism founded by Emerson, strong emphasis unspiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature Ralph Waldo Emerson in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote The American Scholar Henry David Thoreau (Walden and On Civil Disobedience) in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants

Slavery and Sectionalism (1845-1860)

136. Nat Turners Rebellion Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, and prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation 137. Yeoman Farmers family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners 138. Underground Railroad network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom Harriet Tubman worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom 139. Wage slaves northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age) 140. Nativism anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics 141. The Alamo Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, Remember the Alamo Stephen Austin American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico 142. James K. Polk dark horse Democratic candidate; acquired majority of the western US (Mexican Cession, Texas Annexation, Oregon Country), lowered tariffs, created Independent Treasury

Veerjee 4

AP USH- 1st Semester Vocabulary List

143. Oregon and Fifty-four Forty or Fight! Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49 rather than 5440 144. Manifest Destiny stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk 145. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas Wilmot Proviso slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico; never fully passed Congress 146. California Gold Rush gold discovery in Sutters Mill in 1848resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West

The Civil War (1850-1880)

147. William Seward Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska Sewards Folly 148. Compromise of 1850 (1) California admitted as free state, (2)territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico,(3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6)new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas Fugitive Slave Act runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property running away was as good as stealing) 149. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Toms Cabin depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse); increased participation in abolitionist movement, condemned by South 150. Know-Nothing (American) Party opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic 151. Popular Sovereignty the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery 152. Kansas-Nebraska Act territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free); proposed by Stephen A. Douglas Bleeding Kansas border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre Lecompton Constitution proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, frees oilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession John Brown led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing Gods work Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856) John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress Republican Party formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate 153. Harpers Ferry (1859) Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black Free State; Brown executed and became martyr in the North 154. Dred Scott v. Sandford slaves could not sue in federal courts(blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state 155. Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) Over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery Freeport Doctrine Douglas was able to reconcile the Prescott Decision with popular sovereignty; voters would be able to exclude slavery by not allowing laws that treated slaves as property 156. Fort Sumter First shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina 157. 20-Negro Law exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army; rich mans war but a poor mans fight 158. Anaconda plan The Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico 159. Ulysses S. Grant won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general 160. William T. Sherman pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, march to the sea (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina 161. Robert E. Lee Opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyalty Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army 162. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson Lees chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer 163. Battle of Antietam Lees attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, south would never be so close to victory again Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include Border States), symbolic gesture to support Unions moral cause in the war 164. Battle of Gettysburg Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Picketts Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade north again, and Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union) 165. New York City draft riots (1863) Drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned 166. Military Reconstruction Act (1867) South divided into 5military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify14th amendment 167. Compromise of 1877 South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction; north wins Hayes as president

Veerjee 5