🔄 Pass by Value vs Pass by Reference in C
✅ Pass by Value
● A copy of the actual value is passed to the function.
● Changes made inside the function do NOT affect the original variable.
● Useful for computations without altering the original data.
🔹 Example:
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#include <stdio.h>
void changeValue(int x) {
x = 100;
}
int main() {
int a = 50;
changeValue(a);
printf("Value of a after function call: %d", a);
return 0;
}
🖨️ Output:
Value of a after function call: 50
✅ Pass by Reference
● The address of the variable is passed.
● Changes made inside the function directly affect the original variable.
● Ideal when the original data needs to be modified or preserved efficiently.
🔹 Example:
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#include<stdio.h>
void sum(int *a, int *b, int *t) {
*t = *a + *b;
}
int main() {
int num1, num2, total;
printf("\n Enter the first number:");
scanf("%d", &num1);
printf("\n Enter the second number:");
scanf("%d", &num2);
sum(&num1, &num2, &total);
printf("\n Total = %d", total);
return 0;
}
🖨️ Output:
mathematica
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Enter the first number: 2
Enter the second number: 3
Total = 5
2.What is an array? How the single dimensional array is declared & initialised. Explain with
syntax and example
array:An array is the data structure containing a number of data values(All of which
having the same datatype)
✅ Declaration of Single-Dimensional Array
You declare a single-dimensional array like this:
🔹 Syntax:
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data_type array_name[size];
● data_type → Type of elements (e.g., int, float, char)
● array_name → Name of the array
● size → Number of elements
🔹 Example:
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int marks[5];
This creates an integer array named marks that can store 5 integers.
✅ Initialization of Array
🔹 Method 1: Static Initialization at Declaration
int marks[5] = {90, 85, 75, 80, 95};
🔹 Method 2: Partial Initialization
int marks[5] = {90, 85}; // Remaining elements initialized
to 0
🔹 Method 3: Without Size (Compiler Counts Elements)
int marks[] = {90, 85, 75, 80, 95}; // Size = 5
✅ Accessing Array Elements
Use index values starting from 0:
marks[0] = 90; // First element
printf("%d", marks[2]); // Prints third element
✅ Complete Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int numbers[3] = {10, 20, 30}; // Declare and initialize array
printf("First number: %d\n", numbers[0]);
printf("Second number: %d\n", numbers[1]);
printf("Third number: %d\n", numbers[2]);
return 0;
}
o/p:
First number: 10
Second number: 20
Third number: 30
3.What is an array? How a two dimensional array is declared & initialised? Explain the
applications of array.
array:An array is the data structure containing a number of data values(All of which
having the same datatype)
✅ Declaration and Initialization of Two-Dimensional Array
🔹 Declaration Syntax
data_type array_name[row_size][column_size];
🔹 Example
int marks[2][3] = {
{85, 90, 80},
{78, 88, 92}
};
This creates a 2-row, 3-column matrix to store integer values.
char names[20][30];
Which means 20 student names, each of up to 30 characters.
✅ Applications of Arrays (from Module-04 PDF)
Arrays are used in various ways as shown in your PDF:
1. Arrays of Strings
Used to store names of multiple students:
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char names[5][10];
2. String Operations
Arrays are used to:
● Read and print names of students
● Perform operations like:
○ Length finding
○ Uppercase conversion
○ Concatenation
○ Comparison
○ Reversal
○ Insertion
3. Data Handling
Arrays help in organizing and processing data such as:
● Student marks
● Names
● Any set of similar items
ex:
char names[5][10];
int i, n;
printf("\n Enter the number of students:");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
printf("\n Enter the name of student %d:", i+1);
gets(names[i]);
}
4.Whith a C program, to multiply 2-Davoray matrix by validating the tools roots
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int A[10][10], B[10][10], C[10][10];
int i, j, k, r1, c1, r2, c2;
// Input sizes
printf("Enter rows and columns of Matrix A: ");
scanf("%d %d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and columns of Matrix B: ");
scanf("%d %d", &r2, &c2);
// Validate matrix multiplication condition
if(c1 != r2) {
printf("Matrix multiplication not possible. Columns of A must equal rows of B.\n");
return 0;
}
// Input Matrix A
printf("Enter elements of Matrix A:\n");
for(i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c1; j++) {
scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
}
}
// Input Matrix B
printf("Enter elements of Matrix B:\n");
for(i = 0; i < r2; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);
}
}
// Multiply matrices
for(i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
C[i][j] = 0;
for(k = 0; k < c1; k++) {
C[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j];
}
}
}
// Output result
printf("Resultant Matrix (A x B):\n");
for(i = 0; i < r1; i++) {
for(j = 0; j < c2; j++) {
printf("%d\t", C[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
5.Define storage classes in C and compare the key features of all the storage
classes.
✅ Definition of Storage Classes in C
In C programming, storage classes determine how a variable behaves in terms of:
● Scope – where the variable can be accessed (within function, file, or globally)
● Lifetime – how long the variable exists in memory
● Default Initial Value – what value the variable gets if not explicitly initialized
● Memory Location – where the variable is stored (RAM or CPU register)
✅ Types of Storage Classes in C
There are four types of storage classes:
1. auto
2. register
3. static
4. extern
void fun()
{
auto int a = 10; // Auto variable
register int b = 5; // Stored in register
static int c = 0; // Retains value between calls
extern int d; // Refers to a global variable defined elsewhere
}
6.Define a string, explain how strings are declared and initialised with suitable examples.
✅ Definition of String in C
In C, a string is a sequence of characters terminated by a null character \0.
A string is stored in a character array.
char name[10] = "Ravi";
'R' 'a' 'v' 'i' '\0'
✅ Declaration and Initialization of Strings
🔹 1. Declaration Without Initialization
char name[20];
Creates a character array that can store a string of up to 19 characters + \0.
2. Declaration With Initialization (Direct Method)
char name[] = "Ravi";
● Compiler automatically adds \0 at the end.
● No need to mention size — compiler calculates it.
3. Character-by-Character Initialization
char name[5] = {'R', 'a', 'v', 'i', '\0'};
4. Input from User
char name[20];
scanf("%s", name);
✅ Examples
🔸 Example 1: String Initialization
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char name[10] = "Kiran";
printf("Name: %s", name);
return 0;
}
🔹 Output:
makefile
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Name: Kiran
🔸 Example 2: Reading String from User
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char name[20];
printf("Enter your name: ");
scanf("%s", name); // accepts single word
printf("Hello, %s", name);
return 0;
}
7.List and explain any three string manipulation functions with syntax and
examples.
✅ String Manipulation Functions in C
In C, string manipulation is done using functions from the <string.h> library.
Here are three commonly used string functions:
🔹 1. strlen() – String Length
✅ Use:
Returns the length of the string, excluding the null character \0.
✅ Syntax:
int strlen(char str[]);
2.strrev() – Reverse a String
🔹 Purpose:
The strrev() function is used to reverse a string in C.
🔹 Syntax:
strrev(string);
● string → The string you want to reverse.
● After execution, the original string is reversed in place.
🔹 3.. strlwr() – String to Lowercase
✅ Use:
Converts all uppercase letters in a string to lowercase.
✅ Syntax:
char* strlwr(char str[]);
4. strupr() – Convert String to Uppercase
✅ Use:
Converts all lowercase letters in a string to uppercase.
✅ Syntax:
char* strupr(char str[]);
5. strcat() – Concatenate Two Strings
✅ Use:
Joins (adds) the second string to the end of the first string.
✅ Syntax:
char* strcat(char str1[], char str2[]);
6. strcmp() – Compare Two Strings
✅ Use:
Compares two strings character by character.
✅ Returns:
● 0 → if both strings are equal
● < 0 → if first string is less than second
● > 0 → if first string is greater than second
✅ Syntax:
int strcmp(char str1[], char str2[]);
🔹 7. strcpy() – Copy String
✅ Use:
Copies the content of one string into another.
✅ Syntax:
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strcpy(destination, source);
8.define a structure how structure is declared and intialized?Explain witrh
suitable example
✅ Declaration of Structure
🔹 Syntax:
struct StructureName
data_type member1;
data_type member2;
. . .
};
🔹 Example: Declaring a structure
struct Student {
int rollNo;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
This creates a structure named Student with:
● An integer rollNo
● A string name
● A float marks
✅ Initialization of Structure
🔹 Declaring a variable of structure:
struct Student s1;
🔹 Initializing values:
strcpy(s1.name, "Ravi");
s1.rollNo = 101;
s1.marks = 89.5;
**Complete program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
struct Student {
int rollNo;
char name[20];
float marks;
};
int main() {
struct Student s1;
// Initializing structure members
s1.rollNo = 101;
strcpy(s1.name, "Ravi");
s1.marks = 89.5;
// Displaying the values
printf("Roll No: %d\n", s1.rollNo);
printf("Name : %s\n", s1.name);
printf("Marks : %.2f\n", s1.marks);
return 0;
}
