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This document is a comprehensive Java tutorial covering fundamental to advanced topics, including Java syntax, object-oriented programming, collections, exception handling, multithreading, and file handling. It emphasizes the importance of Java in various applications and provides a structured approach for learning, including coding practice problems and project examples. Additionally, it outlines career opportunities in Java development and the demand for Java skills in the job market.
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Java Tutorial
Last Updated : 23 Jul, 2025
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language used to build
web apps, mobile applications, and enterprise software systems. It is
known for its Write Once, Run Anywhere capability, which means code
written in Java can run on any device that supports the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
Java syntax and structure is similar to C-based languages like C++ and Ci.
Its robustness, platform-independent compatibility, and strong memory
management have made it a go-to language for developers worldwide.
Cloud-based Solutions
Py
onceeei eT)
Builds cloud native Jave-supported Toolkit for
applications platform for scalable integrating Java
cloud apps with AWS services
6/9
This Java tutorial is designed for both beginners and experienced
professionals and it covers basic to advanced Java topics.
Do you wish to learn Java in a scheduled manner ? Try our
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Do you wish to learn Advance Java in scheduled manner? Try our
ongoing free course Advance Java Skillup with weekly topic
coverage, notes, daily quizzes and coding problems.
Why Learn Java?
* Java is used to build Android apps, desktop and web apps, enterprise
backend systems, and cloud-based software.
* Java is in high demand with many job opportunities in software
development.
* Java has popular frameworks like Spring and Hibernate which makes
Java powerful for enterprise applications.
+ Java supports object-oriented programming for clean and reusable
code.
* Itruns on all platforms Windows, Mac, and Linux using the JVM.
* Top companies like Amazon, Netflix, and LinkedIn use Java.
Java Hello World Program
Here is a simple Java program that prints "Hello World”
// & Java program to print "Hello World" x D>
public class Geeks {
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
)
}
Output
Hello World
Java Basics
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conditionals. Mastering these fundamentals is key to building strong,
error-free Java applications:
Introduction
Download and Install Java
¢ JDK vs JRE vs JVM
Identifiers
Keywords
Quiz: Java Basics and Identifiers
Data Types
Variables
Operators
Quiz: Variables, Operator
* Decision Making (if, if-else, switch, break, continue, jump).
Loops
Quiz: Control Statements and Loops
Java Methods
Java methods are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks and
help organize your program. They improve code readability, reduce
repetition, and make debugging easier:
* Introduction to Methods
* Static Methods vs Instance Methods
* Access Modifiers
* Command Line Arguments
* Variable Arguments (Varargs),
* Quiz: Methods
Java Arrays
Java arrays are containers that store multiple values of the same data type
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* Declare and Initialize Arrays
* Multi-Dimensional Arrays
* Quiz: Java Arrays
* Jagged Arrays
+ Arrays Class
* Final Arrays
« Java Array Programs
* Quiz: Array Programs
Java Strings
Java Strings represent sequences of characters and are widely used in text
processing. They are immutable, meaning once created, their values
cannot be changed:
* Introduction of Strings
+ Why Strings are Immutable?
* Java String Concatenation
* Quiz: String Basics
* String Class
* StringBuffer Class
* StringBuilder Class
* Quiz: String Classes
* Strings vs StringBuffer vs StringBuilder
« Java String Programs
Java OOPs Concepts
Java follows the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm, which
organizes code into classes and objects. Core OOP principles like
inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and abstraction make Java
modular and scalable:
* What are OOPs Concepts?
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* Constructors
© Qui
* Object Class
« Abstraction
; Constructors
* Encapsulation
¢ Inheritance
* Qui
* Polymorphism
Inheritance and Abstraction
* Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)
* Packages
* Quiz: Polymorphism and Packages
Java Interfaces
Java interfaces define a contract that classes must follow, specifying
method signatures without implementations. They enable abstraction and
support multiple inheritance in Java through a clean, structured approach:
* Java Interfaces
* Interf: nd Inheri
* Class vs Interface
* Qui
* Functional Interface
Interfaces
. Interfaci
* Marker Interface
* Comparator Interface
* Quiz: Interface types and Comparator
Java Collections
Java Collections provide a framework for storing and manipulating groups
of objects efficiently. It includes interfaces like List, Set, and Map, along
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* Collections Class
* Collection Interface
© Qui
* List Interface
Collection
* ArrayList
* LinkedList
* Quiz: List, ArrayList, LinkedList
* Sot Interface
* HashSet
* TreeSet
* Quiz: Set and HashSet
* Queue Interface
* Priority Queue
* Deque Interface
* Map Interface
* HashMap
* Quiz: Queue and Map Interface
* Iterator
* Comparator Interface
* Comparable Interface
* Qui
: Iterators, Comparator vs Comparable
Java Exception Handling
ava Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors, ensuring
the program runs smoothly without crashing. It uses keywords like try,
catch, throw, throws, and finally to manage exceptions:
* Java Exceptions
* Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions
* Try Catch Block
* Quiz: Java Exceptions
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Chained Exceptions
Null Pointer Exceptions
Exception Handling with Method Overriding
Quiz: Exception Handling
Java Multithreading
Java Multithreading allows concurrent execution of two or more threads,
enabling efficient CPU utilization and faster program performance. It is
commonly used for tasks like parallel processing and responsive
applications:
* Introduction to Java Multithreading
Threads
Thread Class
Runnable Interface
Quiz: Thread Basics and Lifecycle
Lifecycle and States of a Thread
Main Thread
Thread Priority in Multithreading
Naming & Feteching Name of Current Thread
Thread.start() vs Thread.run() Method
Thread.sleep() Method
Daemon Thread
Quiz: Thread Methods and Daemon Threads
Thread Safety
Thread Pools
Java File Handling
Java File Handling enables programs to create, read, write, and manipulate
files stored on the system. It uses classes from the java.io and java.nio
packages for efficient file operations:
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* Create Files
* Read Files
* Quiz: File Handling
« Write on Files
* Delete File
* FileReader Class
* FileWriter Class
* Quiz: Eile Writing
* FilePermission Class
* FileDescriptor Class
Java Streams and Lambda Expressions
Java Streams and Lambda Expressions simplify data processing by
enabling functional-style operations on collections. Lambdas provide
concise syntax for anonymous functions, while Streams allow efficient
filtering, mapping, and reduction of data:
+ Lambda Expressions
+ Method References
* Java Stream - Complete Tutorial
* Quiz: Lambda Expressions and Streams
* Java 8 Features - Complete Tutorial
Java lO
Java IO (Input/Output) provides a set of classes and streams to read and
write data from various sources like files, consoles, and network
connections. It is part of the java.io package and supports both byte and
character streams:
* Introduction to Java lO
* Reader Class
« Writer Class
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* FileOutput Stream
BufferedReader Input Stream
BufferedReader Output stream
BufferedReader vs Scanner
* Fast /O
Quiz: BufferedReader vs Scanner and Fast I/O
Java Synchronization
Java Synchronization is used to control access to shared resources in
multithreaded environments. It ensures that only one thread can access a
critical section at a time, preventing data inconsistency:
Java Synchronization
Importance of Thread Synchronization
Method and Block Synchronization
Quiz: Synchronization Basics
Atomic vs Volatile vs Synchronized
Local Frameworks vs Thread Synchronization
Deadlock in Multithreading
Quiz: Deadlocks and Synchronization
Deadlock Prevention and Avoidance
Lock vs Monitor in Concurrency
Reentrant Lock
* Quiz: Concurrency Locks and Reentrant Locks
Java Regex
Java Regex (Regular Expressions) allows pattern matching and text
manipulation using the java.util.regex package. It is powerful for
validating, searching, and replacing strings based on specific patterns:
+ What is Java Regex?
+. Pattern Class.
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* Quiz: Regex Basics and Pattern Matching
* Quantifiers
Java Networking
Java Networking enables communication between devices over a network
using classes from the java.net package. It supports protocols like TCP and
UDP for building client-server applications and data exchange:
Introduction to Java Networking
TCP Architecture
« UDP Architecture
+ IPV4 vs IPV6
Quiz: Networking Basics and Protocols
Connection-Oriented vs Connectionless Protocols
Socket Programming
* Server Socket Class
Quiz: Sockets and Server Communication
URL Class and Methods
Java Database Connectivity(JDBC)
* Introduction to Java JDBC
+ JDBC Driver
+ JDBC Connection
+ Types of Statements in JDBC
* Quiz: JDBC
Java Memory Allocation
Java Memory Allocation refers to how memory is assigned to variables,
objects, and classes during program execution. It involves stack and heap
memory, with the JVM managing allocation and garbage collection
automatically:
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Quiz: Java Memory Allocation
Stack vs Heap Memory Allocation
Quiz: Heap vs Stack
Java Virtual Machine(JVM) Stack Area
Types of Memory Areas Allocated by JVM
Garbage Collection
Quiz: VM Memory Management and Garbage Collection
Types of JVM Garbage Collectors
Heap and Stack Memory Allocation
Memory Leaks
Java Interview Questions
Prepare for Java interviews with these commonly asked questions,
covering core concepts, OOP, collections, multithreading, exception
handling, and frameworks like Spring and Hibernate:
* 200+ Core Java Interview Questions and Answers
+ JavaMCQ
Best Approach to Learn Java
Here's the step-by-step approach to learn and master Java efficiently
and effectively:
1, Understand Java Fundamentals: Start with the basics: what Java is,
how it works (JVM, JRE, JDK), and why it's platform-independent. Learn
about Java's role in building desktop, web, and mobile applications.
2. Set Up the Java Environment: Install the latest JDK and configure your
development environment. Use a beginner-friendly IDE like IntelliJ IDEA,
Eclipse, or VS Code for writing and testing your code.
3. Learn Core Java Concepts: Focus on essential topics like variables, data
types, operators, control structures (if-else, switch, loops), and
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4, Master Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Dive into the pillars of
OOP—classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and
abstraction. Understand how Java handles these concepts and how to
apply them effectively in real projects.
5. Explore Collections and Data Structures: Learn about Java's Collection
Framework—ArrayList, HashMap, Set, LinkedList, and more. Understand
how to use them and when to choose one over the other.
6. Work with Exception Handling: Understand the importance of error
handling in Java using try-catch blocks, finally, throw, and custom
exceptions. Learn best practices for writing clean, safe code.
7. Get Comfortable with File I/O: Learn how Java reads from and writes to
files using File, FileReader, BufferedReader, FileWiriter, and streans. Practice
creating programs that manage and manipulate file data
8. Understand Multithreading and Concurrency: Grasp the basics of
threads, synchronization, and concurrent programming. Learn how Java
handles multiple tasks simultaneously using the Thread class and
ExecutorService.
9. Learn Java Libraries and APIs: Familiarize yourself with essential APIs
like Java Math, Date & Time (java.time), and String manipulation. Explore
popular libraries like Apache Commons, Gson, or Jackson for real-world
development.
10. Build Real-World Projects: Apply your knowledge by building console
apps, file management systems, or basic desktop GUIs using JavaFX or
Swing. Gradually move into web development with Java Servlets, JSP, or
Spring Boot.
Java Program Examples
+ Java Programming Examples
+ Java Exercises — Basic to Advanced Java Practice Proarams
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Java Fundamentals Coding Practice Problems
Java Methods Coding Practice Problems
Java Arrays Coding Practice Problems
Java Strings Coding Practice Problems
Java OOPs Coding Practice Problems
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Java Collections Coding Practice Problems
Java Stream & Lambda Expression Coding Practice Problems
Java Quizzes and MCQs
+ Java Language MCQs with Answers
Important Java Projects
+ Number Guessing Game
* Simple Banking Application
Currency Converter
+ Tic-Tac-Toe Game
Snake Game
Memory Game
Chat Application
* Face Detection System
* Social Networking Site
Text Editor
Career & Jobs in Java 2025
Java opens doors to a wide range of tech careers across industries—from
enterprise software to mobile apps and cloud systems. Here's a list of top
career options for professionals with Java expertise, along with their
average salary ranges:
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Career Average Salary Average Salary
(INR) Per Annum — (USD) Per Annum
400,000 -
Java Developer $55,000 - $100,000
31,200,000
700,000 -
Full Stack Java Developer $75,000 - $130,000
31,800,000
800,000 -
Backend Engineer (Java) $80,000 ~ $140,000
2,000,000
Android Developer 500,000
$60,000 ~ $110,000
(ava/Kotlin) 21,500,000
31,500,000 —
Java Architect $120,000 - $170,000
3,000,000
DevOps Engineer (Java 900,000 -
90,000 - $150,000
projects) 2,200,000 s s
Big Data Engineer (J 31,000,000
'g Data Engineer Qava + sean $100,000 - $160,000
Hadoop) 2,500,000
Automation Test Engineer 600,000 -
$65,000 - $110,000
Uava + Selenium) 31,400,000
Software Engineer (Java 700,000 -
$75,000 - $130,000
Spring Boot) 31,800,000
Java Consultant / 21,200,000 -
eva tense $110,000 ~ $160,000
Technical Lead 2,800,000
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These are some popular companies that use Java in thier workflow:
Company Description
Uses Java for Android development, backend services, and
Google ‘i
internal tools across products like Gmail and Google Drive.
Java is widely used at Amazon for building scalable backend
Amazon
systems, AWS services, and e-commerce infrastructure.
Java powers many of Netflix's backend microservices, helping
Netflix
deliver content to millions of users with high availability.
; Relies on Java for data processing, backend APIs, and scalable
Spotify . . .
microservices that support music streaming,
Airbnp 0505 2Va ints backend systems to handle listings, payments,
irbn
and user interactions at scale.
Employs Java for real-time dispatch systems, geolocation
Uber services, and backend microservices.
. Java is a core language for building LinkedIn's backend
Linkedin
architecture, handling data-intensive workloads and APIs.
8 Uses Java for high-traffic applications, auction management, and
eBa
Y payment services.
Nasa __ Implements Java in various projects, including simulations, data
analysis tools, and mission-critical software.
Inte, USe5 Java in embedded systems, performance testing tools, and
ni
internal annlicatians acrace chin develanment
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