Variables
Variable is the name of a memory
location which stores some data.
Memory
a b
25 S
Variables
Rules Write meaningful variable name
a. Variables are case sensitive
b. 1st character is alphabet or '_'
c. no comma/blank space
d. No other symbol other than '_'
Variables
Data Types
Constants
Values that don't change(fixed)
Types
Integer Character
Constants Real Constants
1, 2, 3, 0
Constants 'a', 'b', 'A',
, -1, -2 1.0, 2.0, '#', '&'
3.14, -24
Keywords
Reserved words that have special
meaning to the compiler
32 Keywords in C
Keywords
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
continue for signed void
do if static while
default goto sizeof volatile
const float short unsigned
Program Structure
pre-processor directive
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello World");
return 0;
}
Comments
Lines that are not part of program
Single Line Multiple
Line
/*
//
*/
Output
printf(" Hello World ");
new line
printf(" kuch bhi \n");
Output
CASES
1. integers
printf(" age is %d ", age);
2. real numbers
printf(" value of pi is %f ", pi);
3. characters
printf(" star looks like this %c ", star);
Input
address
scanf(" %d ", &age);
Compilation 2-step process
A computer program that translates C code
into machine code
a.exe (windows)
Hello.c C Compiler
a.out (linux & mac)
Instructions
These are statements in a Program
Types
Type Declaration Control
Instructions Arithmetic Instructions
Instructions
Instructions
Type Declaration Instructions Declare var before using it
VALID INVALID
int a = 22; int a = 22;
int b = a; int b = a; use and declare saath me nahi kar
int c = b + 1; int c = b + 2; sakte
int d = 1, e; int d = 2, e;
int a,b,c;
int a,b,c = 1;
a = b = c = 1;
Arithmetic Instructions
a+b
Operand 1 Operand 2
Operator
NOTE - single variable on the LHS
Arithmetic Instructions
VALID INVALID
a=b+c b+c=a
a=b*c a = bc
a=b/c a = b^c
use header file <math.h>
NOTE - pow(x,y) for x to the power y
Arithmetic Instructions
only valid for integers
Modular Operator % Doesn't show ans for decimal value
Returns remainder for int
3%2=1
-3 % 2 = -1 for negative remainder, keep numerator negative
Arithmetic Instructions
Type Conversion
int op int int For rounded fig, use both numbers as integers
int op float float For exact value, dono no. me se kisiko float banado
float op float float
Arithmetic Instructions
Operator Precedence
*, /, % x = 4 + 9 * 10
+, -
= x=4*3/6*2
Arithmetic Instructions
Associativity (for same precedence)
Left to Right
x=4*3/6*2
Instructions
Control Instructions
Used to determine flow of program
a. Sequence Control
b. Decision Control
c. Loop Control
d. Case Control
Operators
a. Arithmetic Operators
b. Relational Operators
c. Logical Operators
d. Bitwise Operators
e. Assignment Operators
f. Ternary Operator
Operators
Relational Operators
==
>, >=
<, <=
!=
Operators
Logical Operators
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
Operator Precendence
Priority Operator
1 !
2 *, /, %
3 +, -
4 <, <=, >, >=
5 ==, !=
6 &&
7 ||
8 =
Operators
Assignment Operators
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
Conditional Statements
Types
if-else Switch
if-else
if(Condition) {
//do something if TRUE
}
else {
//do something if FALSE
}
Ele is optional block
can also work without {}
else if
if(Condition 1) {
//do something if TRUE
}
else if (Condition 2) {
//do something if 1st is FALSE & 2nd is TRUE
}
Conditional Operators
Ternary
Condition ? doSomething if TRUE : doSomething if FALSE;
give 1 & 0 cases
Conditional Operators
switch
switch(number) {
case C1: //do something
break;
case C2 : //do something
break;
default : //do something
}
Conditional Operators
switch Properties
a. Cases can be in any order
b. Nested switch (switch inside switch) are allowed
Loop Control Instructions
To repeat some parts of the program
Types
for do while
while
for Loop
for(initialisation; condition; updation) {
//do something
}
Special Things
- Increment Operator
- Decrement Operator
- Loop counter can be float
or even character
- Infinite Loop
while Loop
while(condition) {
//do something
}
do while Loop
do {
//do something
} while(condition);
break Statement
exit the loop
continue Statement
skip to next iteration
Nested Loops
for( .. ) {
for( .. ) {
}
}
Functions
block of code that performs particular task
Take Do Return
Argument Work Result
it can be used multiple times
increase code reusability
Syntax 1
Function Prototype
void printHello( );
> Tell the compiler
Syntax 2
Function Definition
void printHello() {
printf("Hello");
}
> Do the Work
Syntax 3
Function Call
int main() {
printHello( );
return 0;
}
> Use the Work
Properties
- Execution always starts from main
- A function gets called directly or indirectly from main
- There can be multiple functions in a program
Function Types
Library User-
function defined
Special functions declared & defined by
inbuilt in C programmer
scanf( ), printf( )
Passing Arguments
functions can take value & give some value
parameter return value
Passing Arguments
void printHello( );
void printTable(int n);
int sum(int a, int b);
Passing Arguments
functions can take value & give some value
parameter return value
Argument v/s Parameter
values that are values in function
passed in declaration &
function call definition
used to send used to receive
value value
actual formal
parameter parameters
NOTE
a. Function can only return one value at a time
b. Changes to parameters in function don't change the values in
calling function.
Because a copy of argument is passed to the function
Recursion
When a function calls itself, it's called recursion
Properties of Recursion
a. Anything that can be done with Iteration, can be done with
recursion and vice-versa.
b. Recursion can sometimes give the most simple solution.
c. Base Case is the condition which stops recursion.
d. Iteration has infinite loop & Recursion has stack overflow
Pointers
A variable that stores the memory
address of another variable
Memory
age ptr
22 2010
2010 2013
Syntax
int age = 22;
int *ptr = &age;
int _age = *ptr;
Memory
age ptr
22 2010
2010 2013
Declaring Pointers
int *ptr;
char *ptr;
float *ptr;
Format Specifier
printf("%p", &age);
printf("%p", ptr);
printf("%p", &ptr);
Pointer to Pointer
A variable that stores the memory
address of another pointer
Memory
age pptr ptr
22 2013 2010
2010 2012 2013
Pointer to Pointer
Syntax
int **pptr;
char **pptr;
float **pptr;
Pointers in Function Call
Call by call by
Value Reference
We pass value of We pass address of
variable as variable as
argument argument
Arrays
Collection of similar data types stored at
contiguous memory locations
Syntax
int marks[3];
char name[10];
float price[2];
Input & Output
scanf("%d", &marks[0]);
printf("%d", marks[0]);
Inititalization of Array
int marks[ ] = {97, 98, 89};
int marks[ 3 ] = {97, 98, 89};
Memory Reserved :
Pointer Arithmetic
Pointer can be incremented
& decremented
CASE 1
Pointer Arithmetic
CASE 2
CASE 3
Pointer Arithmetic
- We can also subtract one pointer from another
- We can also compare 2 pointers
Array is a Pointer
int *ptr = &arr[0];
int *ptr = arr;
Traverse an Array
int aadhar[10];
int *ptr = &aadhar[0];
Arrays as Function Argument
//Function Declaration
void printNumbers (int arr[ ], int n)
OR
void printNumbers (int *arr, int n)
//Function Call
printNumbers(arr, n);
Multidimensional Arrays
2 D Arrays
int arr[ ][ ] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4} }; //Declare
//Access
arr[0][0]
arr[0][1]
arr[1][0]
arr[1][1]
Strings
A character array terminated by a '\0' (null character)
null character denotes string termination
EXAMPLE
char name[ ] = {'S', 'H', 'R', 'A', 'D', 'H', 'A','\0'};
char class[ ] = {'A', 'P', 'N', 'A', ' ', 'C', 'O', 'L', 'L', 'E', 'G', 'E', '\0'};
Initialising Strings
char name[ ] = {'S', 'H', 'R', 'A', 'D', 'H', 'A','\0'};
char name[ ] = "SHRADHA";
char class[ ] = {'A', 'P', 'N', 'A', ' ', 'C', 'O', 'L', 'L', 'E', 'G', 'E', '\0'};
char class[ ] = "APNA COLLEGE";
What Happens in Memory?
char name[ ] = {'S', 'H', 'R', 'A', 'D', 'H', 'A','\0'};
char name[ ] = "SHRADHA";
name
S H R A D H A \0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
String Format Specifier
"%s"
char name[ ] = "Shradha";
printf("%s", name);
IMPORTANT
scanf( ) cannot input multi-word strings with spaces
Here,
gets( ) & puts( ) come into picture
String Functions
Dangerous &
gets(str) Outdated puts(str)
input a string output a string
(even multiword)
fgets( str, n, file)
stops when n-1
chars input or new
line is entered
String using Pointers
char *str = "Hello World";
Store string in memory & the assigned
address is stored in the char pointer 'str'
char *str = "Hello World"; //can be reinitialized
char str[ ] = "Hello World";
//cannot be reinitialized
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>
1 strlen(str)
count number of characters excluding '\0'
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>
2 strcpy(newStr, oldStr)
copies value of old string to new string
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>
3 strcat(firstStr, secStr)
concatenates first string with second string
firstStr should be large
enough
Standard Library Functions
<string.h>
4 strcpm(firstStr, secStr)
Compares 2 strings & returns a value
0 -> string equal
positive -> first > second (ASCII)
negative -> first < second (ASCII)
Structures
a collection of values of different data types
EXAMPLE
For a student store the following :
name (String)
roll no (Integer)
cgpa (Float)
Syntax
struct student { struct student s1;
char name[100]; s1.cgpa = 7.5;
int roll;
float cgpa;
};
Syntax
struct student {
char name[100];
int roll;
float cgpa;
}
Structures in Memory name roll cgpa
struct student {
char name[100]; 2010 2110 2114
int roll;
float cgpa;
}
structures are stored in contiguous memory locations
Benefits of using Structures
- Saves us from creating too many variables
- Good data management/organization
Array of Structures
struct student ECE[100];
struct student COE[100];
struct student IT[100];
ACCESS
IT[0].roll = 200;
IT[0].cgpa = 7.6;
Initializing Structures
struct student s1 = { "shradha", 1664, 7.9};
struct student s2 = { "rajat", 1552, 8.3};
struct student s3 = { 0 };
Pointers to Structures
struct student s1;
struct student *ptr;
ptr =&s1;
Arrow Operator
(*ptr).code ptr->code
Passing structure to function
//Function Prototype
void printInfo(struct student s1);
typedef Keyword
used to create alias for data types
coe student1;
File IO
RAM Hard Disk
File IO
FILE - container in a storage device to store data
- RAM is volatile
- Contents are lost when program terminates
- Files are used to persist the data
Operation on Files
Create a File
Open a File
Close a File
Read from a File
Write in a File
Types of Files
Text Files Binary Files
textual data binary data
.txt, .c .exe, .mp3, .jpg
File Pointer
FILE is a (hidden)structure that needs to be created for opening a file
A FILE ptr that points to this structure & is used to
access the file.
FILE *fptr;
Opening a File
FILE *fptr;
fptr = fopen("filename", mode);
Closing a File
fclose(fptr);
File Opening Modes
"r" open to read
"rb" open to read in binary
"w" open to write
"wb" open to write in binary
"a" open to append
BEST Practice
Check if a file exists before reading from it.
Reading from a file
char ch;
fscanf(fptr, "%c", &ch);
Writing to a file
char ch = 'A';
fprintf(fptr, "%c", ch);
Read & Write a char
fgetc(fptr)
fputc( 'A', fptr)
EOF (End Of File)
fgetc returns EOF to show that the file has ended
Dynamic Memory Allocation
It is a way to allocate memory to a data structure during
the runtime.
We need some functions to allocate
& free memory dynamically.
Functions for DMA
a. malloc( )
b. calloc( )
c. free( )
d. realloc( )
malloc( )
memory allocation
takes number of bytes to be allocated
& returns a pointer of type void
ptr = (*int) malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
calloc( )
continuous allocation
initializes with 0
ptr = (*int) calloc(5, sizeof(int));
free( )
We use it to free memory that is allocated
using malloc & calloc
free(ptr);
realloc( )
reallocate (increase or decrease) memory
using the same pointer & size.
ptr = realloc(ptr, newSize);
