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Principles of Programming Languages

The document outlines the principles of programming languages, covering key concepts such as programming domains, language evaluation criteria, and design trade-offs. It discusses names, bindings, scopes, and data types, as well as subprograms and concurrency concepts, including synchronization techniques. The content is structured into four units, each focusing on foundational aspects of programming languages and their implementation.

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3 views2 pages

Principles of Programming Languages

The document outlines the principles of programming languages, covering key concepts such as programming domains, language evaluation criteria, and design trade-offs. It discusses names, bindings, scopes, and data types, as well as subprograms and concurrency concepts, including synchronization techniques. The content is structured into four units, each focusing on foundational aspects of programming languages and their implementation.

Uploaded by

kifih74598
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Principles of Programming Languages

UNIT I: Preliminary Concepts

- Reasons for Studying Concepts of Programming Languages:

To understand the core concepts behind programming languages and their application areas.

- Programming Domains: Different areas like scientific computing, business applications, etc.

- Language Evaluation Criteria: Readability, writability, reliability, and cost.

- Influences on Language Design: Machine architecture, programming methodologies.

- Language Categories: Imperative, declarative, functional, scripting, etc.

- Language Design Trade-Offs: Balancing readability, writability, and performance.

- Implementation Methods: Compilation, interpretation, and hybrid approaches.

- Syntax and Semantics: Syntax defines structure; semantics define meaning.

- General Problem of Describing Syntax and Semantics: Challenges in formal representation.

- Formal Methods of Describing Syntax: Using BNF, EBNF, and syntax diagrams.

- Attribute Grammars: Extending grammars with semantic rules.

UNIT II: Names, Bindings, and Scopes

- Introduction: The role of names and their bindings.

- Concept of Binding: Associations between names and their attributes.

- Scope and Lifetime: Static and dynamic scoping; lifetime of variables.

- Referencing Environments: The active bindings at a given time.

- Named Constants: Constants as fixed values in programs.

- Data Types: Overview of primitive, composite, and user-defined types.


- Type Checking: Strong vs. weak typing; static vs. dynamic type checking.

- Type Equivalence: Structural and name equivalence in types.

- Expressions and Statements: Operators, type conversions, boolean expressions.

- Assignment Control Structures: If, switch, loops, and other control constructs.

UNIT III: Subprograms and Blocks

- Fundamentals of Subprograms: Definitions, prototypes, and return types.

- Design Issues: Parameter passing, local environments, recursion.

- Abstract Data Types: Encapsulation, modularity, and language examples.

UNIT IV: Concurrency

- Concurrency Concepts: Threads, parallelism, synchronization.

- Semaphores and Monitors: Techniques for handling process communication.

- Language Examples: Concurrency in Java, Python, and other modern languages.

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