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Lecture3-IoT architecture and Reference Models

The document provides an overview of IoT architecture and reference models, emphasizing the importance of interoperability, scalability, and security in IoT system design. It outlines key components, layered models, and various reference architectures such as ITU-T Y.4000, oneM2M, and IoT World Forum, detailing their functions and strengths. Additionally, it discusses challenges in interoperability and the role of different connectivity technologies and management capabilities in IoT systems.

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lyyne01
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8 views15 pages

Lecture3-IoT architecture and Reference Models

The document provides an overview of IoT architecture and reference models, emphasizing the importance of interoperability, scalability, and security in IoT system design. It outlines key components, layered models, and various reference architectures such as ITU-T Y.4000, oneM2M, and IoT World Forum, detailing their functions and strengths. Additionally, it discusses challenges in interoperability and the role of different connectivity technologies and management capabilities in IoT systems.

Uploaded by

lyyne01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

2/26/2025

Lecture 3: IoT Architecture and


Reference Models

Seyed-Hosein Attarzadeh-Niaki

Fundamentals of IoT 1

Introduction to IoT Architectures


• Definition: Framework defining IoT system
structure and interactions
• Purpose: ensures interoperable, scalable, and
secure system design.
• Key challenges addressed by architectures
– Heterogeneity of devices and protocols.
– Data flow management (edge to cloud).
– Interoperability and standardization.

Fundamentals of IoT 2

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Key Components of IoT Architecture


• Components: Devices, gateways, networks,
cloud, applications
• Roles: Sensing, connectivity, processing,
storage, user interaction
Component Function
Devices Collect data (sensors/actuators)
Gateways Bridge devices to networks
Networks Enable data transmission
Cloud Store and analyze data
Applications Provide user interfaces

Fundamentals of IoT 3

Layered Models in IoT


• Concept: Organizes IoT into functional layers
• Benefits: Modularity, standardization, ease of
development
• Variations: Different models by standards
bodies (ITU-T, oneM2M, IoTWF)

Fundamentals of IoT 4

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ITU-T Y.4000 Reference Model


• Four Layers
1. Device Layer: Sensors,
actuators, gateways.
2. Network Layer:
Connectivity and transport.
3. Service/Application
Support Layer: Data
processing, storage.
4. Application Layer: Domain-
specific apps (smart cities,
healthcare).
• Cross-Cutting Capabilities:
Security and management. ITU-T Y.4000 Reference Model

Fundamentals of IoT 5

oneM2M Functional Architecture


• Focuses on service layer
for interoperability. Application
• Three Layers: layer
– Application Layer: M2M
applications (e.g., fleet
tracking). Common
– Common Services Layer: services layer
Data management, device
management.
– Network Layer:
Connectivity technologies Network
(e.g., 5G). services layer

Fundamentals of IoT 6

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IoT Functional Architecture (oneM2M)

Fundamentals of IoT 7

IoT World Forum (IoTWF)


7-Layer Model

Fundamentals of IoT 8

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Simplified IoT Architecture


• Three Tiers
– Things Layer:
Sensors/actuators.
– Network Layer:
Gateways, edge/fog
nodes.
– Cloud & Apps: Analytics,
visualization.

Fundamentals of IoT 9

Core IoT Functional Stack


• Layers
1. Things: Sensors/actuators.
2. Network: Access, gateways, transport.
3. Applications: Analytics, control systems.

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Comparing IoTWF and Simplified


Models
• IoTWF: Detailed, seven layers, complex
systems
• Simplified: Three layers, easier for beginners
• Application: Depends on system scale and
requirements
Aspect IoTWF Simplified
Layers 7 3
Complexity High Low
Use Case Enterprise Basic Systems

Fundamentals of IoT 11

Edge vs. Fog vs. Cloud Computing

Layer Function Latency


Local processing, real-time
Edge Milliseconds
actions
Regional aggregation,
Fog Seconds
filtering
Cloud Batch processing, storage Minutes

Fundamentals of IoT 12

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2/26/2025

IoT Data Flow


(Information Value Loop)
Stages
Create (sensors)

Communicate

Aggregate

Analyze

Act

Fundamentals of IoT 13

Comparison of IoT Architectures

Model Layers Focus Key Strength


ITU-T Y.4000 4 Layers Global standardization Cross-layer security
oneM2M 3 Layers Service-layer interoperability RESTful APIs
IoTWF 7 Layers End-to-end data flow Industry collaboration

Fundamentals of IoT 14

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IoT-A Reference Model


• IoT-A ARM
– Meta-model for
designing IoT systems.
• Key Models
– Domain
– Information
– Functionality
– Communication
• Process: Design →
Instantiate → Deploy.

Fundamentals of IoT 15

Interoperability in IoT
• Challenges • Solutions
– Protocol translation – Standardized APIs (e.g.,
– Data formats oneM2M, OCF).
– Middlewares (e.g., context
brokers)

AE: Application Entity


CSE: Common Services Entity
NSE: Network Services Entity
oneM2M functional architecture from deployment perspective
Fundamentals of IoT 16

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Regional IoT Projects & Standards


• EU Projects
– IoT-A
(Architectural
Reference
Model).
– FIWARE
(open-source
middleware).
• ETSI
Standards:
SAREF
ontology,
NGSI-LD API.

Fundamentals of IoT 17

IoT Gateway Functions


Function Purpose
Protocol Translation Convert ZigBee → IP
Data Filtering/Aggregation Reduce upstream traffic
Edge Analytics Local ML/rule-based processing

Example:

Fundamentals of IoT 18

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IoT Connectivity Technologies


• Categories
– Short-range
(BLE,
ZigBee).
– Long-range
(LoRa, NB-
IoT).

Fundamentals of IoT 19

5G Message Gateway Model


• Role: Protocol conversion (ZigBee/CoAP ↔ 5G).
• Use Case: Smart appliances in heterogeneous networks.

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IoT Data Flow Example (Smart City)

Stages: Sensors → Gateway → Cloud → Analytics → Dashboard.

Fundamentals of IoT 21

IoT Management Capabilities

Capability Function
Device Management Firmware updates, health monitoring
Traffic Management QoS, congestion control
Security Management Authentication, encryption

Fundamentals of IoT 22

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Machine Learning in IoT Architecture


• Edge vs. Cloud ML
– Edge: Low-latency inference (e.g., camera analytics).
– Cloud: Model training, batch processing.

Fundamentals of IoT 23

IoT Security in Layered Architectures

• Device Layer: Secure


boot, hardware-based
TPM chips.
• Network Layer: TLS/DTLS
for encrypted
communication.
• Cloud Layer: Role-based
access control (RBAC) for
data privacy.

• Example: A smart grid


uses TLS to encrypt
meter data sent to the
cloud.

Security Layers: Device (authentication), Network (encryption), Cloud (access control).

Fundamentals of IoT 24

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IoT Data Flow in AWS Architecture


• AWS IoT Layers
– Device Software: SDKs
for sensors.
– Control Services:
Device management,
security.
– Data Services:
Analytics, storage.

Fundamentals of IoT 25

Azure IoT Reference Architecture


• Three Workflows
– Things: Sensors/actuators.
– Insights: Hot/warm/cold path analytics.
– Actions: Control based on analytics.

Fundamentals of IoT 26

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Industrial IoT Architectures


(IIRA & Purdue)
• Key Domains
– Control systems, analytics, security.
– Focus: Interoperability in industrial IoT.
Model Focus
IIRA Cross-industry interoperability
Purdue Hierarchical control systems

Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA)


Fundamentals of IoT 27

Summary of Key Architectures

Model Use Case


ITU-T Y.4000 Global standardization
IoTWF End-to-end data flow
oneM2M Service-layer interoperability

Fundamentals of IoT 28

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Next Lecture
• IoT Hardware Platforms

Fundamentals of IoT 29

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