NUMBER SYSTEM &

CONVERSION
Number System
Introduction

◻ Many number systems are in use in

digital technology. The most common
are :
🞑 Decimal (Base 10)
🞑 Binary (Base 2)
🞑 Octal (Base 8)
🞑 Hexadecimal (Base 16)

◻ The decimal system is the number system

that we use everyday
 Number System
◻ Decimal system uses 10 symbols (digits)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
◻ Octal System uses eight symbols

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
◻ Binary System uses only two symbols

0 and 1

◻ Hexadecimal System uses sixteen symbols

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

to represent any number, no matter how large or how small.

Octal System (Base Hexa decimal Decimal Number Binary System
– 8 ns) Number System (Base-10) Equivalent (Base-
(Base – 16) 2) Base 4 number
Familiar System
(Base -4)

0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 10
3 3 11
4 4 100
5 5 101
6 6 110
7 7 111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
A 10 1010
B 11 1011
C 12 1100
D 13 1101
 E 14 1110

0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 10
5 11 6 12 7 13
10 20 11 21 12 22 13 23 14 30 15 31 16 32 17 F 15 1111 33

Bits, Bytes, ◻ Bytes & Nibbles

least
significant
bit

Nibbles ◻ Bits (b) byte

🞑 Byte (B) = 8 bits ■ Used

everyday
🞑 Nibble (N) = 4 bits ■ Not
commonly used
10010110 10010110 nibble
most
significant
bit
CEBF9AD7
most least
significant byte significant byte

KB, MB, GB …
◻ In computer, the basic unit is byte (B) ◻
And, we use KB, MB, GB many many many
times
🞑2
10
= 1024 = 1KB (kilobyte)
🞑2
20
= 1024 x 1024 =
1MB (megabyte)
🞑2
30
= 1024 x 1024 x 1024 = ◻ How
about these?
1GB (gigabyte)
🞑2 = 🞑 250 = 🞑2 🞑2 🞑…
40 60 70
= = 1TB (terabyte) 1PB (petabyte)
1EB (exabyte) 1ZB (zettabyte)

Decimal System

◻ The decimal system is composed of 10

numerals or symbols. These 10 symbols are
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9; using these symbols as
digits of a number, we can express any
quantity.
◻ Example : 3501.51

3 5 0 1 . 5 1

digit
Most Least
Significant Significant Digit
Digit decimal point

Binary System

◻ The binary system is composed of 2

numerals or symbols 0 and 1; using these
symbols as digits of a number, we can
express any quantity.
◻ Example : 1101.01

1 1 0 1 . 0 1

bit
Most Least
Significant Bit Significant Bit
binary point
Decimal Number Quantity
(positional number)
◻ 3 5 0 1 (base-10)

1 X 100 = 1

0 X 101 = 0
5 X 102 = 500
3
3 X 10 = 3000

3000 + 500 + 0 + 1 = 3501

Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

◻ 1 1 0 1 (base-2)

1 X 20 = 1

0 X 21 = 0
2
1X2 =4
1 X 23 = 8 8 + 4
+ 0 + 1 = 13
11012= 1310
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
◻ 5 2 1 7 (base-8)

7 X 80 = 7x1 = 7

1 X 81 = 1x8 = 8
2 X 82 = 2x64 = 128
5 X 83 = 5x512 = 2560
2560 + 128 + 8 + 7 = 2703
52178 = 270310
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion

◻ 1 A C F (base-16) [ A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15 ]

 15 X 160 =15x1 = 15

12 X 161 =12x16 = 192

10 X 162 =10x256 = 2560
1 X 163 = 5x4096 = 20480
20480 + 2560 +192 + 15 = 23247
1ACF16 = 2324710
Decimal Number Quantity
(fractional number)
◻ . 5 8 1 (base-10)

5 X 10-1 = 5x0.1 = 0.5

 8 X 10-2 = 8x0.01 = 0.08
1 X 10-3 = 1x0.001 = 0.001

0.5 + 0.08 + 0.001 = 0.581

Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

◻ . 1 0 1 (base-2)

1 X 2-1 = 1x0.5 = 0.5

0 X 2-2 = 0x0.25 = 0
1 X 2-3 = 1x0.125 = 0.125

0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.625

 0.1012 = 0.62510
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion

◻ . 2 5 (base-8)

2 X 8-1 = 2x0.125 = 0.25

5 X 8-2 = 5x0.015625 =
0.017825

0.25 + 0.017825 = 0.267825

0.258 = 0.26782510
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
 ◻ . F 5 (base-16)
15 X16-1 = 15x0.0625 =
0.9375
5 X16-2 = 5x0.00390625 =
0.01953125

0.9375 + 0.01953125 = 0.95703125

0.F516 = 0.9570312510
Exercise 1
◻ Convert these binary system numbers to decimal
system numbers
a) 100101101
 b) 11100.1001
c)111111
d)100000.0111
◻ b)
1x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2 + 0x2-3 1+ 1x2-4

= 16 + 8 + 4+ 0 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 0 + 0.0625
= 28.5625
Decimal-to-Binary
Conversion (positional
number)
◻ 250 25010 = 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02

2 250
 2 125 Remainder 0
2 62
Remainder 1 2 31
Remainder 0 2
15 Remainder 1 2
7
Remainder 1 2 3
Remainder 1 1
Remainder 1
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion

◻ 250
8 250
 8 31 Remainder 2
3 Remainder
7

25010 = 3728
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

◻ 250
16 250
15 Remainder 10
 25010 = 15 1016 ?
= FA16
Decimal-to-Binary
Conversion (fractional
number)
◻ 0 . 4375
0.4375 x 2 = 0.8750
0.8750 x 2 = 1.75
0.75 x 2 = 1.5
0.5 x 2 = 1.0

0.437510 = 0.01112
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion

◻ 0 . 4375
0.4375 x 8 = 3.5
0.5 x 8 = 4.0

0.437510 = 0.348
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion

◻ 0 . 4375
0.4375 x 16 = 7.0
 0.437510 = 0.716
Example :Decimal-to-Binary
Conversion (Estimation)
◻ 0.782 🡪 0.78125
0.782 x 2 = 1.564 0.564 x 2
= 1.128 0.128 x 2 = 0.256
0.256 x 2 = 0.512 0.512 x 2 11001000012
= 1.024 0.024 x 2 = 0.048 🡪 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5 + 2-10
0.048 x 2 = 0.096 0.192 x 2
= 0.384 0.384 x 2 = 0.768 🡪 0.5 + 0.25 +0.03125 +
0.768 x 2 = 1.536 0.0009765625
110012 🡪 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5 🡪 0.5
+ 0.25 +0.03125 🡪 0.7822265625
 Exercise 2 c) (22.5)10=( ? )2
2 22
2 11 0
◻ Convert these decimal 251
system numbers to
221
binary system numbers
a)127 10
b)38
c)22.5 0.5 x 2 = 1.0
d) 764.375 => (22.5)10=( 10110.1 )2
Base X – to – Base Y
Conversion
◻ We can convert base x number to base y
number by following these steps :
🞑 Convert base x to base 10 (decimal system
number) 🞑 Then, convert decimal number to
base y
Example

◻Convert 372.348to hexadecimal system

number 🞑 Convert 372.348 to decimal system
number ■ 372.348 = (3x82)+(7x81)+(2x80) . (3x8-1) + (4x8-2)
= 192 + 56 + 2 . 0.375 + 0.0625
= 250 . 4375
🞑 Convert 250.437510 to hexadecimal system
 number ■ 250.437510
Positional number Fractional number 0.4375 * 16 =
250 / 16 = 15 remainder 10 250 7.0 0.4375 🡪 0.7
16
🡪 FA16

372.348 = FA.716
Exercise 3 (TODO)

◻ Convert these numbers to octal system

number 🞑 11100.10012
🞑 1111112

🞑 5A.B16
◻ Convert these numbers to binary system
number 🞑 5A.B16
🞑 75.28

Thank you