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Python Core Notes

This document provides detailed notes on core Python concepts relevant for interviews, covering variables, data types, operators, conditionals, loops, functions, data structures, OOP principles, file handling, exception handling, and modules. It includes examples and explanations of key features such as lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, and various built-in functions. The notes conclude with a mention of advanced topics like NumPy, Pandas, and Machine Learning.

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sanjaybasavegowda2
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1 views6 pages

Python Core Notes

This document provides detailed notes on core Python concepts relevant for interviews, covering variables, data types, operators, conditionals, loops, functions, data structures, OOP principles, file handling, exception handling, and modules. It includes examples and explanations of key features such as lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, and various built-in functions. The notes conclude with a mention of advanced topics like NumPy, Pandas, and Machine Learning.

Uploaded by

sanjaybasavegowda2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Python Core Concepts Notes for Interviews (LSEG-Focused)

🔹 PART 1: VARIABLES, DATA TYPES, OPERATORS


Variables & Data Types
• No explicit declaration needed (Python is dynamically typed)
• Common types: int , float , str , bool , list , tuple , set , dict
• Type conversion: int() , float() , str()
• input() for user input, returns string by default

Operators
• Arithmetic: + , - , * , / , // , % , **
• Comparison: == , != , > , < , >= , <=
• Logical: and , or , not
• Membership: in , not in

🔹 PART 2: CONDITIONALS & LOOPS


Conditional Statements

if condition:
...
elif condition:
...
else:
...

Loops
• for loops: Iterates over sequences
• while loops: Repeats until condition is false
• break , continue , pass

1
🔹 PART 3: FUNCTIONS
Function Basics

def function_name(parameters):
return result

• Default arguments: def greet(name, lang='English')


• *args : Variable positional args (tuple)
• **kwargs : Variable keyword args (dict)

Lambda Functions

square = lambda x: x * x

Used with map() , filter() , sorted()

🔹 PART 4: PYTHON DATA STRUCTURES


List
• Mutable, ordered, allows duplicates

lst = [1, 2, 3]
lst.append(4)
lst[0]

Tuple
• Immutable, ordered

tpl = (1, 2)
tpl[1]

Set
• Unordered, no duplicates

2
s = {1, 2, 3}
s.add(4)

Dictionary
• Key-value pairs

d = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
d["a"]

🔹 PART 5: STACK, QUEUE, LINKEDLIST, HEAP


Stack (LIFO)

stack = []
stack.append(1)
stack.pop()

Queue (FIFO)

from collections import deque


queue = deque()
queue.append('A')
queue.popleft()

Linked List (Singly)

class Node:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.next = None

3
Heap

import heapq
heapq.heapify(list)
heapq.heappop()

🔹 PART 6: ENUMERATE, ZIP, MAP, FILTER, SORTED


• enumerate() returns (index, value)
• zip() combines two lists
• map(func, iterable) applies function
• filter(func, iterable) filters elements
• sorted(list, key=lambda) sorts with logic

🔹 PART 7: OOPS IN PYTHON


4 Pillars

1. Encapsulation

• Hide data with private variables ( __var )


• Access via methods

2. Abstraction

• Hide implementation details


• Use abc module and @abstractmethod

3. Inheritance

• One class inherits from another

class A:
...
class B(A):
...

4. Polymorphism

• Same function behaves differently


• Method overriding and duck typing

4
Special Methods
• __init__ : Constructor, runs on object creation
• __str__ : Defines print behavior of object

🔹 PART 8: FILE HANDLING

with open("file.txt", "r") as f:


data = f.read()

Modes: 'r' , 'w' , 'a' , 'x' , 'b'

Write

with open("file.txt", "w") as f:


f.write("Hello")

Read line by line

for line in f:
print(line.strip())

🔹 PART 9: EXCEPTION HANDLING

try:
...
except ValueError:
...
finally:
...

• try , except , finally


• Custom exceptions using class inheritance from Exception

5
🔹 PART 10: MODULES
• Use import module_name
• Built-ins: math , random , datetime , os , sys
• Custom module: Create .py file and import

End of Core Python Notes

Next: NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, and Machine Learning

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