UNIT – I
Chapter-1
Principles of Object-Oriented Programming
Text Book : 1
E. Balaguruswamy, “Object Oriented Programming with C++”
[18TE46]
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Syllabus
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Software Crisis
• Developments in software technology
• New tools and techniques
• new approaches to software design and development
• increasing complexity of software systems as well as
the highly competitive nature of the industry
• rapid advances appear to have created a situation of
crisis within the industry
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• Issued need to be addressed to face the crisis:
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Quality issues: Must be considered
• Correctness
• Maintainability
• Reusability
• Openness and interoperability
• Portability
• Security
• Integrity
• User friendliness
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Software Evolution
• Evolution of software technology
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Procedure-Oriented Programming
• Problem is viewed as sequence of things to be
done such as reading, calculating and printing
such as cobol, fortran and c.
• The primary focus is on functions.
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Typical structure of procedural
oriented programs
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Some Characteristics exhibited by procedure-oriented
programming are:
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Relationship of data and Functions in procedural programming
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Main drawbacks
• Local and global
• Large program it is very difficult to identify
what data is used by which function.
• do not model real world problems very well.
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Object Oriented Paradigm
• OOP treats data as a critical element in the program development
and does not allow it to flow freely around the system.
• protects it from accidental modification from outside function.
• decomposition of a problem into a number of entities called
objects and then builds data and function around these objects.
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Organization of data and function in OOP
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• Some of the features of object oriented
programming are:
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Basic Elements of OOPS
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Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented
Programming
• Objects
• Classes
• Data Abstraction and Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Dynamic binding
• Message passing.
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Objects
• Basic run-time entities.
• Real word objects.
• User defined data.
• Object interaction (data and code)
• Ex: customer and account are two objects.
.
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Representing an object
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Classes
• User-defined data type.
• Collection of objects of similar type (or)
collection of variables and functions.
Syntax:
Class name
{
Variables
functions
};
• Objects variables.
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Encapsulation
• Wrapping up of data and functions
• Functions which are wrapped in the class can access it.
• Interface between objects
• Data hiding or information hiding: insulation of data from the
direct access.
• Data Abstraction
• Representing the essential features without including the
background details.
• Classes uses the concept of data abstraction : Abstract data types
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Data Abstraction
• Data Abstraction
• Representing the essential features without including the
background details.
• Classes uses the concept of data abstraction : Abstract data
types
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Inheritance
• Hierarchical classification.
• Sharing of common characteristics.
• Reusability.
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Polymorphism
• Ability to take more than one form.
• Operation may exhibit different behaviours in different
instances
• Operator Overloading : Making an operator to exhibit
different behaviours in different instances
• Function Overloading: Single function name to perform
different types of tasks.
• Extensively used in implementing inheritance.
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Dynamic binding
• Linking of a procedure call to the code to be
executed in response to the call.
• At run-time the code matching the object
under current reference will be called.
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Message passing.
• set of objects communicate with each other.
Steps:
1. Creating classes that define objects and their
behavior,
2. Creating objects from class definitions , and
3. Establishing communication among objects.
Ex: employee.salary(name)
• Life cycle, created and destroyed.
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Benefits of OOP
• Elimination of redundant code & use of existing
code.
• Secure programs.
• Map objects in the problem domain.
• Partition the work
• Easy to upgrade
• Automatic initialization and clear-up of objects.
• Overloading
• Quality software product.
• Complexity can be managed.
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Applications of C++
• Image Processing
• Pattern Recognition
• Database Management Systems
• Web based Applications
• Distributed Computing and Applications
• Component based Applications
• Business Process Reengineering
• Enterprise resource planning
• Data security and management
• Mobile Computing.
• Data Warehouse and Data Mining.
• Parallel Computing.
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• Real time systems.
• Object Oriented Relational database Management System(OORDBMS).
• Artificial Intelligence and Expert System.
• System Software
• Office Automation System
• Neural Networks
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Characteristics of some OOP Languages
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Differences between C and C++
• C is Procedure Oriented Programming Language (POP).
C++ is Object Oriented Programming Language (OOP).
• C program has extension .C
C++ program has extension .cpp
• C files use stdio.h as standard header file
• whereas C++ use iostream.h as standard header file
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• The I/O commands for C are scanf & printf,
• The I/O commands for for C++ are cin and cout
• C++ has also some special features which were not present in C.
For example: GUI programming tools.
• C++ provides the concept of Data hiding as it supports the
classes
• C does not provide any such concept of data hiding as it does
not support classes.
• C does not support any features of Inheritance.
Inheritance is one of the special characteristics of inheriting
functions and other features of one class to another class.
• C++ provides this feature
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• unable to reuse code of c language
• in c++ we can reuse the code
• C++ provides different data visibility modes : Public, Private,
and Protected.
• C does not have different visibility mode to store data. It stores
data in a default mode irrespective of the data type.
• C is used to develop system software.
C++ is mostly used to modal real life problem to program and
use to develop application programs.
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UNIT – I
Chapter-2
Beginning with C++
Text Book : 1
E. Balaguruswamy, “Object Oriented Programming with C++”
[18TE46]
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Simple C++ Program
• This is the simples C++ program. It displays a
sentence on the console or the terminal
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout << "Welcome to C++\n";
return 0;
}
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• Collection of functions
• C++ statements terminates with semicolons.
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Comments
1. Single line comment.
2. Multiline comment.
Single line comment
• Starts with the double slash symbol //(double
slash) and terminate at the end of the line.
• Can not insert within the text of a program line.
• Ex. // single line.
Multiline comment
• Starts with /* and ends with */
Ex. /* multiline comment */
for(j=0;j<n; /* loops n times */ j++)
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Output operator
• cout << " C++ is better than c \n";
• Object cout has a simple interface.
• Cout<<string;
• Operator << is bit-wise left-shift operator.
• Used for different purposes, depending on the context.
• Insertion or put to operator
• Overloading Mr.Mohana, Electronics &
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The iostream file
#include <iostream.h>
• Causes the preprocessor to add the contents of the
iostream file to the program.
Return type of main()
• main() returns an integer type value to the OS.
• Every main() in c++ should end with a return(0)
statement.
• main() returns an integer type value.
NOTE : default return type for all functions in C++ is
int.
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PROGRAM-1:Average of two numbers
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
float number1, number2, sum, average;
cout<<“ enter two numbers : ” ;
cin>>number1;
cin>>number2;
sum=number1+number2;
average=sum/2
cout<< “ sum= ”<< sum <<“ \n ”;
cout<< “ average= ”<< average <<“ \n ”;
return 0;
}
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output
Enter two number: 6.5 7.5
Sum= 14
Average=7
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Variables
float number1, number2, sum, average;
Note: All variables must be declared before
they are used in the program.
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PROGRAM-2:Example-declare each variable before it is
needed
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
float f;
double d;
cout << "Enter two floating point numbers: ";
cin >> f >> d;
cout << "Enter a string: ";
char str[80]; // str declared here, just before 1st use
cin >> str;
cout << f << " " << d << " " << str;
return 0;
} Mr.Mohana, Electronics &
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Input operator
• cin>>number1;
• Causes the program to wait for the user to type in a number.
• Overloading.
• Extraction or get from operator
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Cascading of I/O Operators
• Multiple use of insertion or extraction operator.
• cout<< “ sum= ”<< sum <<“ \n ”;
• cascading
cout<< “ sum= ”<< sum <<“ \n ”
<< “ average= ”<< average <<“ \n ”;
cout<< “ sum= ”<< sum <<“ , ”
<< “ average= ”<< average <<“ \n ”;
Cascade input operator
cin>>number1>> number2;
• overloaded Mr.Mohana, Electronics &
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PROGRAM-3: AN EXAMLE WITH CLASS (OR)
USE OF CLASS
#include <iostream.h>
Class person
{
char name[30];
int age;
public:
void getdata (void);
void display(void)
};
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Void person :: getdata(void)
{
cout << “ enter name : ”;
cin >> name;
cout << “ enter age : ”;
cin >> age;
}
Void person :: display(void)
{
cout << “ \n name: ”<< name;
cout << “ \n age: ”<< age;
}
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Int main()
{
person p;
p.getdata();
p.display();
return 0;
}
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OUTPUT:
enter name: R.V.C.E
enter age: 55
Name: R.V.C.E
Age: 55
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Structure of the c++ program
• Include files
• Class declaration
• Member function definitions
• Main function program
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List of C++ Compilers
• Some compilers that can be downloaded for free (do check
their conditions/licenses before attempting commercial use)
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• Compilers that require payment (some allow free
downloads for trial periods):
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Simple C++ Programs
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C++ Hello World Program
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C++ Program to Add Two Numbers
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Swap Numbers (Using Temporary Variable)
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swap Numbers Without Using Temporary
Variables
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Object Oriented Paradigm
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Features of object oriented programming
• Emphasis is on data rather than procedure.
• Programs are divided into what are known as objects.
• Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects.
• Functions that operate on the data of an object are ties together in the data
• structure.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external function.
• Objects may communicate with each other through function.
• New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary.
• Follows bottom up approach in program design.
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Summary
• Software technology has evolved through a series of phases during the last five
decades.
• POP follows top-down approach where problem is viewed as sequence of task to
be performed and functions are written for implementing these tasks.
• POP has two major drawbacks:
• Data can move freely around the program.
• It does not model very well the real-world problems.
• OOP was inventing to overcome the drawbacks of POP. It follows down -up
approach.
• In OOP, problem is considered as a collection of objects and objects are instance
of classes.
• Data abstraction refers to putting together essential features without including
background details.
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• Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire properties of
objects of another class.
• Polymorphism means one name, multiple forms. It allows us to have more than
one function with the same name in a program.
• Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a given procedure is not
known until the time of the run time.
• Message passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the
function and the information to be sent.
• C++ is a superset of C language.
• C++ ads a number of features such as objects, inheritance, function overloading
and operator overloading to C.
• C++ supports interactive input and output features and introduces anew comment
symbol // that can be used for single line comment.
• Like C programs, execution of all C++ program begins at main() function.
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Thank you
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